lecture 18 quiz- immunology

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What process leads to the preferential expansion of B cell clones with higher-affinity receptors for the antigen?

Iterative process

Positive selection (correct)

Apoptosis induction

Negative selection

What happens to B cells with lower affinity or no improvement in affinity during the competition for survival signals within the germinal center?

Differentiation into plasma cells

Induction of somatic hypermutation

Apoptosis or failure to proliferate (correct)

Expansion into long-lived plasma cells

Which process helps in the elimination of B cell clones with lower-affinity receptors?

Iterative process

Somatic hypermutation

Negative selection (correct)

Selective survival

What results from the cumulative effect of somatic hypermutation and selective survival over time?

Production of high-affinity antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates into plasma cells and secretes antibodies with improved affinity for the antigen?

High-affinity B cells Signup and view all the answers

What describes the iterative process of affinity maturation within germinal centers?

Multiple rounds of proliferation, somatic hypermutation, and selection Signup and view all the answers

Which zone within the germinal center is characterized by the presence of densely packed B cells?

Dark zone Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells migrate after undergoing proliferation and somatic hypermutation in the dark zone?

Light zone Signup and view all the answers

Which cells regulate the selection and differentiation of B cells based on their B cell receptors' affinity for the antigen within the germinal center?

T follicular helper cells Signup and view all the answers

Which process introduces random mutations into the DNA sequence encoding the variable regions of B cell receptors in the germinal center?

Somatic hypermutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of follicular dendritic cells within the light zone of the germinal center?

Presenting antigens to B cells Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the germinal center contains T follicular helper cells and is less densely packed?

Light zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T helper cells in B cell activation?

Help in the activation of B cells Signup and view all the answers

Where does the internalization of antigens for B cell processing occur?

Secondary lymphoid organs Signup and view all the answers

What molecules are antigenic peptides presented with on the B cell surface?

MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells specifically bind to antigens to start the B cell activation process?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies in response to pathogen challenges?

B cells transformed into long-lived plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of short-lived plasma cells in the humoral immune response?

Produce large quantities of antibodies quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of B cells with higher-affinity BCRs for the antigen in germinal centers?

Receive survival signals, positively selected for further proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that leads to the generation of B cell clones with progressively higher affinities for the antigen?

Hypermutation and selection Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells undergo clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, and affinity maturation processes?

Germinal centers in secondary lymphoid organs Signup and view all the answers

Which structure plays a critical role in the generation of high-affinity antibodies and immunological memory?

Lymph nodes' germinal centers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of B cells with low-affinity BCRs within germinal centers?

Receive signals for additional rounds of mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the iterative process of somatic hypermutation and selection within germinal centers?

Lead to the generation of B cell clones with progressively higher affinities for the antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in the germinal center?

FDCs facilitate the interaction between B cells and Tfh cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines are primarily responsible for stimulating class switching in B cells within the germinal center?

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-21 (IL-21) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism underlying class switching in B cells?

Recombination events between switch regions located upstream of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily determines the choice of antibody isotype during class switching in B cells?

The cytokine milieu within the germinal center microenvironment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the dark zone (DZ) of the germinal center?

The dark zone is where B cells undergo somatic hypermutation and clonal expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Tfh cells within the germinal center?

Providing signals for class switching and affinity maturation Signup and view all the answers