90 Questions
Which type of antigens require T helper cell interaction to produce a B cell humoral response?
T cell dependent antigens
What is the main difference between T cell dependent and T cell independent responses?
T cell dependent responses result in B memory cells and effector cells, while T cell independent responses do not
What is the process by which antibodies improve their ability to bind to antigens with time and subsequent interactions with antigen?
Affinity maturation
What type of antigens do not consist of a large number of very similar or identical epitopes?
Protein-based antigens
What determines the properties of a protein?
The length of the protein chain
What is the role of T helper cells in the activation of B cells?
T helper cells provide costimulatory molecules
Where does the process of positive selection for strong antibody binding B cells occur?
The germinal center
What type of cells are plasma cells?
Effector cells
What is the result of class switching in antibodies?
Change in the nature of the antibody molecule's constant region
What is the process by which B cells undergo further differentiation and antibody production?
T cell help
Which cells produce antibodies in the parafollicular region?
B cells
What is the specialized structure produced after maturation of B cells within the follicle?
Germinal center
What are the processes that occur in the germinal center during B cell maturation?
Class switching and affinity maturation
What is the function of IgA immunoglobulin?
Important in mucosal immunity
What is affinity maturation?
Positive selection of B cells with increased antigen binding
Which cells bind small amounts of antigen within the germinal center?
Follicular dendritic cells
Where do some of the antibody secreting cells of the germinal center migrate to?
Bone marrow
What do memory B cells do?
Respond quickly to cognate antigen
How frequent is somatic mutation in the variable region genes compared to nonvariable region genes?
Up to 1 million times as frequent
What is the result of the competition between mutated B cells in the germinal center?
Production of an efficient population of antigen specific B cells
Which type of immunity relies on close-range interactions between immune effector T cells and the target?
Cell-mediated immunity
What is the main function of cytotoxic lymphocytes in T cell-mediated immunity?
Direct killing of infected host cells
Which type of immunity is most effective against extracellular pathogens?
Humoral immunity
What type of antigens do B cells respond to in a T cell independent manner?
Polysaccharide antigens
What is the main characteristic of T cell independent antigens?
Limited properties for host defense
What is the role of cytokines in T cell-mediated immunity?
Amplification of the inflammatory response
What is the main function of immunoglobulin molecules in humoral immunity?
Binding to antigen molecules
What type of antigens do T cells respond to?
Small peptide antigens
What is the main function of B cells in the immune response?
Production of antibodies
How do humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity differ?
Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies, while cell-mediated immunity involves the direct killing of infected host cells
Which immunoglobulin molecule is usually a cluster of five individual units?
IgM
Which region of an antibody molecule is quite flexible, allowing the variable end to adapt to the configuration of the antigen?
Hinge region
Which fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule consists of a light chain and the associated part of the heavy chain?
Fab fragment
Which immunoglobulin molecule is present in secretions from the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary mucosa?
IgA
Which immunoglobulin molecule plays a role in defense against parasites and provoking certain forms of allergy?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin molecule is the principal type formed in response to the majority of infectious agents?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin molecule is the first antibody to be synthesized in a primary immune response?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin molecule is efficient in combining with large particulate antigens such as fungi?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin molecule binds specifically to mast cells and plays a role in defense against parasites and provoking certain forms of allergy?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin molecule is normally present in only small quantities in the blood of most people, but greatly increased in allergic individuals?
IgE
Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of immunoglobulin in humans?
IgC
Which classes of immunoglobulin in humans are further divided into subclasses?
IgA and IgG
What determines the specific effector function of an antibody?
The constant region of the heavy chain
What confers specificity of an antibody for a given antigen?
The variable region of the heavy chain
What is the term for antibodies produced by a large number of individual clones of B cells?
Polyclonal antibodies
Under what condition may antibodies be monoclonal antibodies?
When there is a cancer of the plasma cells
What is the term for the ability to produce monoclonal antibodies to desired antigens at will?
Monoclonal antibody production
What is the most common method for producing monoclonal antibodies?
Hybridoma production
What is the term for the structure produced after maturation of B cells within the follicle?
Germinal center
What is the main function of cytotoxic lymphocytes in T cell-mediated immunity?
To kill infected cells
Which immunoglobulin molecule is usually a pair of units?
IgA
What is the main function of IgA immunoglobulin?
Combining with potentially harmful ingested or inhaled antigens
Which immunoglobulin molecule is normally present in only small quantities in the blood of most people, but greatly increased in allergic individuals?
IgE
What is the result of treatment with enzymes on an immunoglobulin molecule?
Formation of Fab fragments
Which immunoglobulin molecule is the first antibody to be synthesized in a primary immune response?
IgM
Which type of immunity is IgG the principal type of antibody molecule formed in response to?
Extracellular pathogens
What is the main function of cytotoxic lymphocytes in T cell-mediated immunity?
Killing infected cells
What is the main function of B cells in the immune response?
Antibody production
What is the main difference between T cell dependent and T cell independent responses?
The involvement of T cells
What is the term for the ability to produce monoclonal antibodies to desired antigens at will?
Monoclonal antibody production
Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of immunoglobulin in humans?
IgC
What is the main function of B cells in the immune response?
Produce antibodies
What determines the specific effector function of an antibody?
Constant region of the heavy chain
Which immunoglobulin molecule is present in secretions from the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary mucosa?
IgA
Which immunoglobulin molecule is usually a cluster of five individual units?
IgM
What confers specificity of an antibody for a given antigen?
Variable region of the heavy chain
Which classes of immunoglobulin in humans are further divided into subclasses?
IgA and IgG
What do memory B cells do?
Produce antibodies
Under what condition may antibodies be monoclonal antibodies?
In the disease multiple myeloma
What type of antigens do not consist of a large number of very similar or identical epitopes?
T cell independent antigens
Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of immunoglobulin in humans?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin molecule is normally present in only small quantities in the blood of most people, but greatly increased in allergic individuals?
IgE
What is the main function of B cells in the immune response?
Producing antibodies
Which immunoglobulin molecule is the first antibody to be synthesized in a primary immune response?
IgM
What is the main function of B cells in the immune response?
Produce antibodies
Which immunoglobulin molecule is efficient in combining with large particulate antigens such as fungi?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin molecule is the principal type formed in response to the majority of infectious agents?
IgG
Which system of soluble proteins plays a critical role in self-defense?
The complement system
Which pathway of complement activation is triggered by antigen-antibody interactions?
The classical pathway
Which immunoglobulin antibodies are most efficient in activating complement?
IgM antibodies
Which autoimmune disease is associated with a specific form of postsynthetic protein modification that forms citrullinated peptides?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What is the main factor that contributes to the association of a particular class II HLA allele with an autoimmune disease?
Ability to bind and present autoantigens
What is a risk factor for severe rheumatoid arthritis and is also responsible for the production of citrullinated peptides in the lung?
Smoking
Which type of immune response are many (but not all) of the genes involved in propensity for, particularly autoimmune response, related to?
MHC (HLA) system
Which diseases tend to have an autoimmune component and are associated with certain class II HLA types?
Type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis
Which proteins fall into the two major groups within the HLA system?
MHC class I proteins and MHC class II proteins
Which genes control the class I proteins within the HLA system?
HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genes
How many different allelic genes can occupy the gene loci within the HLA system?
More than 1,200
Which HLA type is associated with a particular type of arthritis of the spine and the sacroiliac joints?
HLA-B27
What does the presence of the HLA-B27 type indicate in relation to ankylosing spondylitis?
Predisposition to the disease
Test your knowledge on T cell-mediated immunity, including the interactions between immune effector T cells and their targets, the killing mechanisms employed by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and the role of cytokines in stimulating other cell populations.
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