Aviation Communications and Airspace Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of communication service is provided for IFR flights under Class E airspace?

Traffic information service only

No communication service

Air traffic control service (correct)

Air traffic advisory service only

What is the speed limitation for VFR flights in Class E airspace?

250 kts IAS below 10000 ft (correct)

300 kts IAS

No speed limitation

200 kts IAS

Is a continuous two-way communication requirement applicable for IFR flights in Class E airspace?

Only in emergencies

No, it is not applicable

Yes, all the time (correct)

Only if flying above 10000 ft

What type of service is provided for IFR flights in Class F airspace?

Air traffic advisory and flight information service Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum altitude for the speed limitation in Class E airspace?

10000 ft AMSL Signup and view all the answers

What is the communication requirement for VFR flights in Class E airspace?

No communication requirement Signup and view all the answers

When is traffic information provided in Class E airspace for VFR flights?

As far as practical Signup and view all the answers

In Class F airspace, what is the maximum speed permitted for IFR flights?

250 kts IAS Signup and view all the answers

What is the Total Air Temperature (TAT)?

Outside air temperature plus 100% Ram Rise. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)?

Indicated airspeed corrected for position error. Signup and view all the answers

What does Density Altitude refer to?

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Indicated Altitude is defined as which of the following?

The altitude displayed on the altimeter set to QNH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Corrective error in Indicated Altitude known as?

Position Error. Signup and view all the answers

What does True Airspeed (TAS) refine from?

Equivalent Airspeed adjusted to air density variation. Signup and view all the answers

Which altitude represents the actual height of the aircraft above sea level?

True Altitude. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the air entering the burner section is mixed with fuel for combustion?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adjusts True Airspeed for wind conditions?

Ground Speed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the stationary blades in the turbine section?

To direct airflow Signup and view all the answers

Which engine type replaced the centrifugal compressor engine due to its better efficiency?

Axial Flow Compressor Engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the exhaust section?

To connect the turbine outlet to the exhaust nozzle Signup and view all the answers

What is a key development objective of jet turbine engines?

Improved reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which engine combines a turbo jet with an additional turbine to drive a propeller?

Turboprop Engine Signup and view all the answers

What limits the propeller speed in a turboprop engine?

Gear reduction Signup and view all the answers

What significant advantage does the twin spool engine provide over single spool engines?

Higher compression ratios Signup and view all the answers

What does the Basic Empty Weight (BEW) include?

Structure, engine oil, and emergency equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is Dry Operating Weight (DOW) comprised of?

Basic Empty Weight plus crew and baggage Signup and view all the answers

What is the Actual Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW)?

Dry Operating Weight plus payload Signup and view all the answers

What does Maximum Landing Weight (LW) refer to?

The maximum weight allowed during touchdown Signup and view all the answers

Maximum Take-Off Weight (TOW) excludes which of the following?

Taxi and run-up fuel Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as Usable Fuel?

Fuel that is available for operational use during flight Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Payload encompass?

Total revenue weight including passengers, baggage, and cargo Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Datum Line in weight calculations?

To serve as a reference point for measurements Signup and view all the answers

What is the center of gravity of an aircraft in an empty weight condition called?

Empty weight center of gravity Signup and view all the answers

How is the moment calculated in weight and balance?

Moment = Weight × Arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the distance from the center of gravity to a reference line?

Moment arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum height V2 speed must be reached for a dry runway above the takeoff surface after an engine failure at V1?

35 ft Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Load Index Zero Fuel Weight (LIZFW)?

To calculate the center of gravity after cargo and passenger load distribution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options defines the term 'Critical Engine' in a multi-engine aircraft?

An engine that results in the most adverse handling impact upon failure Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the calculation of total block fuel?

Taxi and APU fuel, trip fuel, and contingency fuel Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the Takeoff Distance Required (TODR)?

Horizontal distance from the start of ground roll to screen height or 115% of that distance Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'Accelerate-Stop-Distance Required (ASDR)'?

Sum of distances to accelerate to V1 and then decelerate to a full stop Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dry Operating Index (DOI) correspond to?

The center of gravity of the dry operating weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of contingency fuel?

To compensate for unexpected fuel consumption and conditions Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'Takeoff Distance Available (TODA)'?

The runway length available plus any adjoining clearway Signup and view all the answers

How is the Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) calculated?

MAC = Trailing edge mean aerodynamic chord - Leading edge mean aerodynamic chord Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Balanced Field Length'?

When TODA is equal to ASDA, achieved without clearways or stop ways Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'Stop Way'?

The area beyond the runway that can decelerate an aircraft in case of aborted takeoff Signup and view all the answers

The 'Takeoff Run Available (TORA)' refers to which of the following?

The total length available for the ground runs of an airplane during takeoff Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Airline Basic Course Summary

This course covers various aspects of airline operations
Topics include Performance, Meteorology, Aerodynamics, Flight Controls, Instrument Navigation, Weight and Balance, Flight Planning, Jeppesen charts, ATC procedures, and Propulsion systems
Different pages detail specific parameters within the topics

Performance

Temperatures
- Total Air Temperature (TAT): Outside air temperature plus 100% Ram Rise
- Ram Air Temperature (RAT): Outside air temperature plus a percentage of ram rise.
- Static Air Temperature (SAT) or Outside Air Temperature (OAT): Free air temperature corrected for instrument error and compressibility.
- Ram rise is negligible below 0.3 Mach.
Speeds
- Indicated Airspeed (IAS): Speed displayed by the aircraft's instruments.
- Calibrated Airspeed (CAS): IAS corrected for position error.
- Equivalent Airspeed (EAS): CAS corrected for compressibility error.
- True Airspeed (TAS): EAS corrected for air density variation.
- Ground Speed (GS): TAS corrected for wind.

Altitudes

Altitude is an elevation measured with respect to a reference level.
Indicated altitude is measured on the altimeter set to QNH.
Pressure altitude is the height above the Standard Datum Plane (QNE) where atmospheric weight is 29.92 inhg or 1013.25hpa.
Density altitude is Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.
Absolute altitude is measured radio/radar altimeter.
True altitude is actual height above sea level

Takeoff speeds

VS or Vstall: Speed where airflow separates completely and wing stalls.
VS1G: Speed where the airflow separation starts but not full wing stalls.
VMCA: Minimum inflight speed for controllability using aerodynamic controls only (in case of engine failure).
VMCG: Minimum speed on the ground for controllability using aerodynamic controls only (in case of engine failure).
MINIMUM UNSTICK SPEED (VMU): Lowest calibrated airspeed for safe lift off the ground, without encountering tail strike.
LIFTOFF SPEED (VLOF): Speed at which the aircraft lifts off; depends on angle of attack, flap setting and gross weight.
MAXIMUM TIRE SPEED (VMBE): Maximum speed for full braking to a complete stop without exceeding the tire heat limitations, depending on weight, temperature, pressure, runway slope, and wind component.
ENGINE FAILURE SPEED (VEF): Speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail (1 second before action speed, revised to 2 seconds).
ACTION SPEED (V1): Speed at which the first braking action must be applied during a takeoff (decision speed to reject or continue).
ROTATION SPEED (VR): Speed at which the aircraft is rotated for liftoff.
TAKEOFF CLIMB SPEED (V2): Speed reached at the screen height, maintained for the entire climb in case of engine failure at or after V1.

Takeoff Performance

Critical engine: Engine failure with the most adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance.
Clearway: Area beyond runway, centrally located about the extended centerline.
Stop way: Area beyond the runway, centrally located about the extended centerline with sufficient width.
TAKEOFF DISTANCE REQUIRED (TODR): Longest horizontal distance.
ACCELERATE-STOP-DISTANCE REQUIRED (ASDR): Sum of distances required.
TAKEOFF RUN REQUIRED (TORR): Longest horizontal distance.
TAKEOFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA): Runway length for takeoff plus clearway
ACCELERATE-STOP-DISTANCE AVAILABLE (ASDA): Runway length available + stop way
TAKEOFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA): Runway length available for ground runs of an airplane taking off
BALANCED FIELD LENGTH: TODR equals ASDR, achieve when clearway or stop way aren't used in the airport.
UNBALANCED FIELD LENGTH: TODR is not equal to ASDR, achieved when clearway or stop way is used at the airport
THE TAKEOFF PATH: The actual path of aircraft from 35ft to 1500ft above the takeoff surface.

Field Lengths

Balanced Field Length: Take-off distance available equals accelerate-stop distance available.
Unbalanced Field Length: Take-off distance available is not equal to accelerate-stop distance available.
Balanced V1: The selected V1 when TODR is equal to ASDR.
Balanced T.O. : TODR = ASDR.
The takeoff path describes the actual flight path of an aircraft from 35 ft above the takeoff surface to 1500 ft above.

Climb Gradient

Percentage expressed as height obtained in relation to ground distance covered.
Gradients of the second segment can reduce the maximum allowable takeoff weights.

Engine Ratings

Flat rated power: Maximum thrust output of an engine based on ambient temperatures.
Factors affecting engine thrust: Pressure, temperature, humidity, and airspeed
Tmax: Maximum temperature the engine can provide thrust
Tref: Temperature when the flat rated power begins to decrease due to high temperature;
Methods of thrust reduction : Should not exceed 25%. Assumed temperature method(ATM) for Boeing or(flex) for Airbus, dictates temperature limits the actual takeoff thrust. De-rate for Boeing.

Thrust Ratings

Takeoff thrust: Thrust setting applicable for a period of 5-10 minutes.
Go-around thrust: Equal to maximum takeoff thrust.
Maximum continuous thrust (MCT): Highest constant thrust level.
Maximum climb thrust: Below MCT, only for climb, step climb, and acceleration to cruise speeds.
Maximum cruise thrust: Thrust available during cruising phase.
Improved climb procedure technique: Using excess runway to achieve faster takeoff and higher gradients.

Climb

Angle of Climb (Vx): Climbing speed for the shortest distance to reach a specific altitude.
Rate of Climb (Vy): Climbing speed for the least amount of time to reach a specific altitude.
Cases of emergency initial climb to top of climb (TOC): speeds based on altitude and Mach number.
Cruise: Phase of the flight from (TOC) to (TOD), with the main focus on fuel savings in this phase. Calculating fuel utilization.
G factor or load factor: The lift produced by the wing relative to the gross weight of the airplane.
Maneuver margin: The airplane's ability to support its weight at high altitudes related to the load factor.

Buffet Boundaries

Low speed buffet: Buffet caused by flow separation when approaching a stall.
High speed buffet: Buffet caused by shockwave formation.
Speed margin: The margin between low and high speed for the initial buffet at any given altitude and weight
Coffin or Q Corner: Altitude where the load factor is 1.0g and it's difficult to keep the airplane in stable flight.
Endurance: Maximum time an aircraft's engine will operate on a given quantity of fuel
Range: Maximum Nautical Air Mile per unit of fuel.

Field Lengths Landing Weight Requirements

Demonstrated or required landing distance: Distance to land, decelerate and complete stop from 50 feet above the threshold
Effective Runway Length: Length of each runway from a point 50 feet above the threshold and the remaining runway is taken into account.

Types of Approach, NAv and GPS

Visual, precision, non precision, RNAV, Modern Navigation (RNAV), Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), Inertial Reference Systems (IRS), GPS Global Positioning System, FMC Flight Management Computer, HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator, RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator.
Various approaches and navigational systems are described.

Meteorology

Meteorology is the study of the earth’s atmosphere and physical processes within it.
The weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and location.
Compounds of dry air
- Nitrogen: 78.09%
- Oxygen: 20.95%
- Argon: 0.93%
- Carbon dioxide: 0.03%
Layers of atmosphere: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Troposphere: Temperature decreases with altitude.
Stratosphere: Temperature increases with altitude; it's also the isothermal layer
Mesosphere: Temperature decreases with altitude
Thermosphere: Temperature increases with altitude
Atmospheric circulation: The primary reason for weather is uneven heating of the earth’s surface.
Pressure gradient force: Air flows from cool, dense high-pressure air into warm, less dense low-pressure air.
Coriolis force: Deflects airflow right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere Pressure and winds systems (depressions and anticyclones) are explained in the notes

Cloud Formation

Clouds form when moist, warm rising air cools and expands.
Water vapor condenses to form water droplets
Clouds are typically 15-20 minutes, but cumulonimbus can be 2-3 hours in duration
Main types of clouds are listed including their classification by height and composition (cirrus, cumulus, stratus) such as ice crystals, water droplets.
Clouds are described related to stability (stable, unstable)
Weather conditions are described related to cloud types (smooth air, precipitations, rime ice)

Icing

Airframe icing occurs when supercooled water droplets impact any part of the aircraft structure.
Conditions for icing formation include liquid water presence and ambient air temperature below 0°C
Effects of Icing include reduced lift and increased drag
Severity levels and definitions of ice types like clear ice, rime ice are described

Wind

Wind is described in terms of sea breeze, land breeze, katabatic winds, anabatic winds, Jet stream in terms of characteristics, identification.
Weather descriptions related to wind are provided (Clear air turbulence and isonlins)

Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is the study of air in motion
Atmospheric pressure is measured from the top of the atmosphere to the point where it is measured; Newton’s laws of motion explain the motion of air. Bernoulli’s Principle describes internal pressure decrease in relation to an increase in air velocity; An airfoil is the cross-sectional profile of wings
Forces on a wing like Lift ,coefficient of lift, angle of attack,critical angle of attack,relative wind; Drag, total drag, parasite drag and induced drag, leading and trailing edges, chord lines, camber are discussed;
Factors affecting aerodynamics forces of a wing such as wing area, wingspan, sweepback, mean aerodynamic chord, aspect ratio, taper ratio, thickness to chord ratio, dihedral, angle of incidence;
High-speed aerodynamics including shock waves, Mach number, Critical Mach number, effects of swept-wing, vortex generators, maximum operating speed(VMO/MMO),Maximum Demonstrated Speed(VDF/MDF) and speeds regime (subsonic, transonic, supersonic, hypersonic).
High-speed aerodynamics are explained with detailed descriptions related to different concepts mentioned previously

Flight Controls

The basic flight controls are those that move the aircraft's axes: elevator (pitch), ailerons (roll). and rudder (yaw)
Secondary flight controls (flaps and slats) are used to increase wing area and enhance lift during takeoff, approach, and landing
The historical development of control surfaces is described from mechanical links to hydraulic power to modern systems (fly-by-wire).
New design features such as trim tabs, slotted flaps, leading-edge flaps, slats, speed brakes, and spoilers are described; as well as their functionality.
Protection and warning systems at low speed and high speed (angle of attack protection, stick shaker, yaw damper) are described.

Navigation is the monitoring and controlling of an object from one point to another.
Types that are solely dependent on ground landmarks (piloting), calculations (deductive reckoning), or radio aids (radio aids).
Methods like VOR, NDB, DME; Instrument Landing System (ILS) for instrumental approaches are described.
Various lines of sight are mentioned (isoline, isotach, isotherm, isohyet, isobar)

Weight and Balance

This section details the calculation of aircraft weights and their center of gravity (CG)
Essential terms for Weight and Balance calculations like empty weight (BEW), dry operating weight (DOW), zero fuel weight (ZFW), Maximum landing weight (LW), Maximum Take-off weight (TOW) are included.
Other relevant weight calculations including unusable fuel, payload, useful load, datum line, body station number, center of gravity, empty weight CG, operating CG, and moment arm are mentioned in the notes;

Flight Planning

Procedures of calculating fuel required for flight.
Factors that affect the fuel calculations for a Specific flight including taxi and APU fuel, trip fuel, contingency fuel including the planned deviation.
Calculations include the fuel needs if missed approach from the destination to the alternate.
Additional fuel considerations that comply with regulatory or company standards (such as ETOPS fuel) or if the pilot needs it to ensure the safety of the mission.
The minimum fuel required for diversion in flight planning.

Jeppesen

Minimum en route altitude (MEA): Lowest altitude maintaining acceptable navigational signal coverage and obstacle clearance.
Minimum reception altitude (MRA): Lowest altitude ensuring navigational signal coverage.
Minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA): Lowest altitude meeting obstacle clearance requirements.
Minimum crossing altitude (MCA): Lowest altitude to cross a NAV fix, ensuring obstruction clearance.
Minimum off-route altitudes (MORAS): Altitudes ensuring 1000ft clearance above terrain (2000 ft in mountains) within 10 NM of the airway.
The maximum authorized altitude (MAA): Highest altitude permissible for navigation signal coverage
Great-circle distance: Shortest distance between two points on a sphere.
Rhumb line or loxodrome: Curve crossing meridians at the same angle
Approaches that are used by airplanes to descend and land on airports like initial approach fix (IAF), final approach fix (FAF), missed approach point (MAP) and the decision altitude (DA) or decision height(DH).

Propulsion System

Jet turbine engine components such as air intake, compressor section, burner section, turbine section, and exhaust section are discussed. -Two engine types and their functions, centrifugal and axial flow compressors are described.
Burner section processes, Fuel consumption, thrust to weight ratio and other aspects of engines for increased reliability and quieter operation as well as considerations for noise reduction are mentioned.
Starter Systems are classified with their functions (pneumatic types for larger engines).
Engine station designations and measurements for thrust are given and explained along with various Indicators for propulsion engines like N1, N2, Exhaust Gas Temperature and fuel flow.
Environmental issues associated with jet engine operations (air pollution and noise pollution) are addressed along with noise abatement procedures in flight planning.

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