Pharmacology I: Autonomic Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Regulates conscious thought processes
  • Controls voluntary movements
  • Enhances muscular strength
  • Mediates involuntary functions (correct)

    • Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Decreases heart rate
  • Enhances digestion
  • Stimulates the fight or flight response (correct)
  • Promotes calming of nerves

    • Which type of drug acts by mimicking the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Parasympathomimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anticholinesterase drugs like physostigmine?

    <p>Enhance acetylcholine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as a sympatholytic?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do parasympatholytics like atropine have on the body?

    <p>Increases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications would be categorized as a sympathomimetic?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacological action of pilocarpine on the eyes?

    <p>Miosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of pilocarpine?

    <p>Lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major side effect of pilocarpine?

    <p>Weakness and collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor does pilocarpine primarily act as an agonist for?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ganglionic blockers is classified as a competitive blocker?

    <p>Hexamethonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological action of pilocarpine affects the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Irregular rhythm and bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does depolarizing blockers use in relation to nicotinic receptors?

    <p>Stimulates the nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of pilocarpine use if overdosed?

    <p>Asphyxia or cardiac depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the scheme for identification of drugs acting on the ANS?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation indicates a decrease in motor activity after administration?

    <p>Spontaneous motor activity decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect on narcosis was observed before and after administration?

    <p>Narcosis absent both before and after</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response was noted regarding escape behavior after touch?

    <p>Escape behavior decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex showed normal response before and after administration?

    <p>All of these reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect on tremors after drug administration?

    <p>Tremors absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT part of the drug identification scheme?

    <p>Age of the subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of miosis on pupil diameter?

    <p>Decreases pupil diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect on behavior observed after drug administration?

    <p>Behavior decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of a Parasympathomimetic drug like Pilocarpine?

    <p>Increase in lacrimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic respiratory response to Nicotine?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change is observed in heart rate as a result of miosis?

    <p>Decrease in heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these changes is NOT associated with the administration of Pilocarpine?

    <p>Decrease in urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial cardiovascular effect is noted after administering Nicotine?

    <p>Initial rise of blood pressure followed by a fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which detailed change occurs in the eye following Nicotine exposure?

    <p>Initially constricted, then dilated pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of death associated with Nicotine?

    <p>Respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology I (PPT301) - Fall 2024-2025

    • Course: Pharmacology I (PPT301)
    • University: New Mansoura University
    • Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy
    • Pharm D Program
    • Intended Learning Outcomes:
      • Distinguish between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their effects on the body.
      • Identify autonomic acting drugs and their effects.
      • Schematically identify unknown autonomic acting drugs.

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.
    • It controls visceral functions largely below the level of consciousness.
    • Most ANS actions are involuntary.
    • Controls: Heart rate, salivation, digestion, respiratory rate, perspiration, pupil diameter, urination, and defecation.

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Fight or flight response
    • Arousal and energy generation
    • Inhibits digestion

    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Rest and digest
    • Calming of nerves and normal function
    • Enhances digestion

    Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System

    • Parasympathomimetics (cholinergics):

      • Mimic the parasympathetic nervous system.
      • Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter.
      • Act directly on nicotinic or muscarinic receptors, or indirectly by inhibiting cholinesterase or promoting ACh release.
        • Examples: Carbachol, physostigmine, pilocarpine.

    • Parasympatholytics: Atropine

    • Sympathomimetics: Adrenaline and ephedrine

    • Sympatholytics:

      • Alpha blockers: phentolamine
      • Beta blockers: propranolol

    • Ganglionic stimulants: Diluted nicotine

    • Ganglionic blockers:

      • Depolarizing blockers: Concentrated nicotine
      • Competitive blockers: Hexamethonium, Mecamylamine

    Parasympathomimetics (Pilocarpine)

    • Pharmacological actions:
      • Eye: Miosis
      • CNS: Tremors and mild convulsions
      • CVS: Irregular rhythm and bradycardia
      • GIT: Salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
      • Respiration: Labored respiration, Pulmonary edema
      • Skin: Increased sweating
    • Death may occur from asphyxias or cardiac depression.
    • Onset time: 5-10 minutes

    Ganglionic Blockers

    • Depolarizing blockers: Strongly depolarize nicotinic receptors; ACh cannot stimulate the receptor. Example: conc nicotine
    • Competitive blockers: Occupies the nicotinic receptor; ACh cannot occupy the receptor. Example: Hexamethonium, Mecamylamine

    Nicotine Pharmacological Actions

    • Tremors (especially in frog hind-limbs)
    • Burning sensation in the mouth
    • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
    • Abdominal pain
    • Initial rise followed by a fall in blood pressure
    • Convulsions
    • Eye constriction followed by dilation
    • Sweating
    • Dyspnea (Shortness of breath): Respiratory failure

    Scheme for Identification of Drugs Acting on ANS

    • Species
    • Sex
    • Route of administration
    • Weight
    • Dose calculation

    Observations (Before and After Administration)

    • Grip strength (Locomotion, Stereotypic Behavior)
    • Gait
    • Posture
    • Narcosis
    • Sleeping
    • Tremors
    • Convulsions
    • Catalepsy
    • Escape after touch
    • Righting reflex
    • Corneal reflex
    • Pain reflex

    Effects on ANS (Before and After Administration)

    • Pupil size
    • Eyelids
    • Eye ball movements
    • Salivation
    • Sweating
    • Lacrimation
    • Urination
    • Defecation
    • Piloerection
    • Heart Rate
    • Respiratory Rate

    Therapeutic Uses (Pilocarpine)

    • Glaucoma treatment (lowers intraocular pressure)
    • Xerostomia treatment (increased salivation)
    • Antidote for atropine and hyoscyamine poisoning
    • Sweat test (measuring chloride and sodium excretion)

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) as part of Pharmacology I (PPT301) for the Pharm D program. Learn to distinguish between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their functions, and the autonomic acting drugs that influence these systems. Test your understanding of these fundamental pharmacological principles.

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