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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about the sympathetic trunk ganglia is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the sympathetic trunk ganglia is TRUE?
The celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, renal, and hypogastric plexuses are all located in the thorax.
The celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, renal, and hypogastric plexuses are all located in the thorax.
False (B)
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
Lateral gray horns of the thoracic and first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing heart rate and stimulating digestion.
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing heart rate and stimulating digestion.
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Match the following autonomic plexuses with their respective locations:
Match the following autonomic plexuses with their respective locations:
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Which neurotransmitter is released by all somatic motor neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is released by all somatic motor neurons?
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The autonomic nervous system always operates without conscious control.
The autonomic nervous system always operates without conscious control.
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What are the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system?
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The ______ nervous system controls skeletal muscle contraction.
The ______ nervous system controls skeletal muscle contraction.
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Match the following neurotransmitters with their respective roles in the autonomic nervous system:
Match the following neurotransmitters with their respective roles in the autonomic nervous system:
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Which neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons?
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Adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?
What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?
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The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is stimulated by the activation of nicotinic receptors on ______ cells.
The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is stimulated by the activation of nicotinic receptors on ______ cells.
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Match the following receptor types with their primary locations:
Match the following receptor types with their primary locations:
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Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of muscarinic receptor activation?
Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of muscarinic receptor activation?
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What is the main difference between cholinergic and adrenergic neurons?
What is the main difference between cholinergic and adrenergic neurons?
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The activation of nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle fibers always leads to muscle relaxation.
The activation of nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle fibers always leads to muscle relaxation.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of parasympathetic preganglionic axons?
Which of the following is a characteristic of parasympathetic preganglionic axons?
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The parasympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for "fight-or-flight" responses.
The parasympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for "fight-or-flight" responses.
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What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
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Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release ______, which is excitatory and stimulates postganglionic neurons.
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release ______, which is excitatory and stimulates postganglionic neurons.
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Match the following characteristics with their corresponding division of the autonomic nervous system:
Match the following characteristics with their corresponding division of the autonomic nervous system:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.
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Describe the general effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the body.
Describe the general effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the body.
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Autonomic tone is the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity.
Autonomic tone is the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity.
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Which of the following is NOT a response of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a response of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What does the acronym SLUDD describe?
What does the acronym SLUDD describe?
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The ______ is the integrating center of the autonomic reflex arc.
The ______ is the integrating center of the autonomic reflex arc.
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Match the following functions with the appropriate branch of the autonomic nervous system:
Match the following functions with the appropriate branch of the autonomic nervous system:
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What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the name of the phenomenon that occurs due to excessive sympathetic stimulation of arterioles in the digits?
What is the name of the phenomenon that occurs due to excessive sympathetic stimulation of arterioles in the digits?
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The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary muscle contractions.
The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary muscle contractions.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of beta blockers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of beta blockers?
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The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the craniosacral division.
The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the craniosacral division.
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What is the primary function of beta blockers?
What is the primary function of beta blockers?
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The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses.
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses.
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Match the following characteristics with their corresponding autonomic division:
Match the following characteristics with their corresponding autonomic division:
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Which of these is an example of a beta blocker?
Which of these is an example of a beta blocker?
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Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS have preganglionic neurons that release acetylcholine.
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS have preganglionic neurons that release acetylcholine.
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In what part of the spinal cord are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
In what part of the spinal cord are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System Overview
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.
- It operates independently of conscious control, though the hypothalamus and brain stem can regulate its reflexes.
- The ANS is composed of two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Introduction to the ANS
- The purpose of this particular chapter is to examine the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system, comparing it to the somatic nervous system, examining its neurotransmitters, and contrasting the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, using sensory and motor neurons to connect to skeletal muscles.
- The somatic nervous system utilizes just one neuron, which synapses with the target cell directly.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes, receiving input from sensory neurons to regulate organs, blood vessels, and muscles.
- The autonomic nervous system utilizes two neurons to carry out its function; the first (preganglionic) synapses with the second (postganglionic), which then connects to the target cell.
Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
- The autonomic nervous system has two main types of ganglia: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- Sympathetic preganglionic neurons' cell bodies reside in the lateral horns of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord segments.
- Sympathetic trunk ganglia run along either side of the vertebral column.
- Prevertebral ganglia lie in front of the vertebral column.
- Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons' cell nuclei are found in the brain stem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X), and the lateral gray matter of S2-S4 spinal cord segments.
- Sacral outflow extends from the 2nd through 4th sacral spinal nerves.
ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), which acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
- Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine (noradrenaline), impacting alpha and beta receptors.
Receptors of the ANS
- Different receptors respond to different neurotransmitters and may have varied impacts on target tissues.
Physiology of the ANS
- The sympathetic division (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic division (rest-and-digest) balance to maintain homeostasis.
- Sympathetic stimulation leads to increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate.
- Parasympathetic stimulation promotes calming and restorative functions.
SLUDD
- SLUDD is an acronym used for the primary parasympathetic responses: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation.
Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
- The autonomic nervous system regulates bodily functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and glandular secretions through reflex arcs.
- These reflexes involve receptors, sensory neurons, an integrating centre, motor neurons, and effectors.
The Stress Response
- Numerous factors influence the stress response.
Raynaud Phenomenon
- This disorder is caused by excessive sympathetic stimulation in blood vessel walls, leading to extreme vasoconstriction, which results in numbness and ischemia of the digits.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in this quiz. Learn about its involuntary functions, structure, and how it compares to the somatic nervous system. Understand the roles of its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and the neurotransmitters involved.
