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What does biological transmission of traits from parents to children refer to?
What does biological transmission of traits from parents to children refer to?
Which of the following best defines evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following best defines evolutionary psychology?
What is the primary focus of the nature vs nurture debate in psychology?
What is the primary focus of the nature vs nurture debate in psychology?
According to Darwin's theory, what enables individuals with adaptive traits to survive?
According to Darwin's theory, what enables individuals with adaptive traits to survive?
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Which of the following statements about psychological traits is true?
Which of the following statements about psychological traits is true?
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What is the basic unit of heredity found at a specific point on chromosomes?
What is the basic unit of heredity found at a specific point on chromosomes?
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Which subfield of biology focuses on the study of heredity?
Which subfield of biology focuses on the study of heredity?
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What term refers to a person's genetic makeup as determined by their DNA sequencing?
What term refers to a person's genetic makeup as determined by their DNA sequencing?
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How are polygenic traits characterized?
How are polygenic traits characterized?
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What does epigenetics study?
What does epigenetics study?
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Which is true regarding phenotype?
Which is true regarding phenotype?
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What is the purpose of kinship studies in genetics?
What is the purpose of kinship studies in genetics?
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What is the primary characteristic of twin studies?
What is the primary characteristic of twin studies?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which gland is known as the 'master gland'?
Which gland is known as the 'master gland'?
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What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
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Excessive thyroxin production can lead to which condition?
Excessive thyroxin production can lead to which condition?
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What hormones are primarily released by the adrenal glands during stress?
What hormones are primarily released by the adrenal glands during stress?
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Which function is primarily regulated by hormones released from the endocrine system?
Which function is primarily regulated by hormones released from the endocrine system?
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What is the role of corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal glands?
What is the role of corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal glands?
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What effect does epinephrine have on emotions?
What effect does epinephrine have on emotions?
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What distinguishes monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?
What distinguishes monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body?
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What are the two main substances found in the central nervous system?
What are the two main substances found in the central nervous system?
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Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary body movements?
Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary body movements?
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How does the spinal cord function in the nervous system?
How does the spinal cord function in the nervous system?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between monozygotic twins?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between monozygotic twins?
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What role do axons play in the nervous system?
What role do axons play in the nervous system?
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Which of the following best defines the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following best defines the peripheral nervous system?
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How does evolutionary psychology connect natural selection to human behavior?
How does evolutionary psychology connect natural selection to human behavior?
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What is the primary focus of the nature aspect in the nature vs nurture debate?
What is the primary focus of the nature aspect in the nature vs nurture debate?
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What role does heredity play in the transmission of traits?
What role does heredity play in the transmission of traits?
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Which of the following describes a reason psychological traits might undergo natural selection?
Which of the following describes a reason psychological traits might undergo natural selection?
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Which statement best summarizes the biopsychosocial model in relation to psychology?
Which statement best summarizes the biopsychosocial model in relation to psychology?
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What defines a phenotype in genetics?
What defines a phenotype in genetics?
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How many chromosomes do humans have in total?
How many chromosomes do humans have in total?
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Which term describes traits that are influenced by multiple genes?
Which term describes traits that are influenced by multiple genes?
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What does behavioural genetics primarily focus on?
What does behavioural genetics primarily focus on?
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What is the main focus of epigenetics?
What is the main focus of epigenetics?
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What is the primary purpose of kinship studies in genetics?
What is the primary purpose of kinship studies in genetics?
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Which structure carries genetic information and is found in the nucleus of cells?
Which structure carries genetic information and is found in the nucleus of cells?
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What defines a genotype?
What defines a genotype?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
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What condition may arise from deficiencies in thyroxine?
What condition may arise from deficiencies in thyroxine?
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What role do corticosteroids play in the body?
What role do corticosteroids play in the body?
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Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'?
Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for the body's response to stress?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the body's response to stress?
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What is the main function of the thyroid gland?
What is the main function of the thyroid gland?
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Which of the following substances increases during stressful situations due to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following substances increases during stressful situations due to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the main function of the central nervous system?
What is the main function of the central nervous system?
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What type of twins are as genetically similar as ordinary siblings?
What type of twins are as genetically similar as ordinary siblings?
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What do unmyelinated neurons in the central nervous system represent?
What do unmyelinated neurons in the central nervous system represent?
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Which statement accurately describes the peripheral nervous system?
Which statement accurately describes the peripheral nervous system?
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Which system within the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which system within the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
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What is the primary role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
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What do both monozygotic and dizygotic twins have in common?
What do both monozygotic and dizygotic twins have in common?
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What is the function of white matter in the central nervous system?
What is the function of white matter in the central nervous system?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Regulates the glands and muscles of internal organs.
- Comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Endocrine System
- Consists of ductless glands releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
- Hormones regulate homeostasis, growth, metabolism, and behaviors.
Key Glands
- Pituitary Gland: Known as the "master gland," it secretes hormones like growth hormone and prolactin.
- Hypothalamus: Acts as the "commander" to the pituitary gland, regulating its functions.
- Pineal Gland: Secretes melatonin, which affects the sleep-wake cycle.
Thyroid Gland
- Produces thyroxin, crucial for metabolism.
- Deficiencies linked to hypothyroidism and cretinism; excess leads to hyperthyroidism.
Adrenal Glands
- Located above the kidneys, they secrete corticosteroids enhancing stress resistance and muscle growth.
- Sympathetic ANS triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during stressful situations, intensifying emotions like fear.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: Refers to the inborn characteristics of an organism.
- Nurture: Encompasses environmental influences shaping behaviors.
Biopsychosocial Model
- Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human behavior.
Evolution and Heredity
- Charles Darwin's Theory: Proposes natural selection whereby adaptive genetic variations enhance survival and reproduction.
- Humanity, like all species, evolves and adapts over time.
Evolutionary Psychology
- Examines links between adaptation, natural selection, and psychological processes.
- Suggests psychological traits may also undergo natural selection like physical traits.
Heredity and Genetics
- Heredity: Biological transfer of traits from parents to offspring through genes.
- Genes: Basic units of heredity located on chromosomes.
- Genetics: Subfield of biology focused on heredity.
- Behavioral Genetics: Studies how genetic transmission influences behavior patterns.
Key Terms
- Gene: Basic unit of heredity on chromosomes.
- Chromosomes: Structures containing genes; humans have 46 in 23 pairs.
- DNA: Substance forming chromosomes, carrying genetic information.
Genotypes and Phenotypes
- Polygenic Traits: Influenced by multiple genes, relevant in psychological characteristics.
- Genotype: An individual's genetic makeup.
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics shaped by genotype and environment.
Epigenetics
- Studies changes in gene function due to environmental factors.
- Examples include studies on trauma effects and nutritional impacts on health.
Kinship Studies
- Compare genetic influences on behaviors in related versus unrelated individuals.
Twin Studies
- Monozygotic (MZ) Twins: Identical twins sharing the same genetic code.
- Dizygotic (DZ) Twins: Fraternal twins, as genetically similar as regular siblings.
Nervous System Overview
- Controls processes like thought, heart rate, and coordination.
- Consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Divisions of the Nervous System
- CNS: Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
- PNS: Contains sensory and motor neurons, subdivided into somatic (voluntary movements) and autonomic (involuntary responses).
Central Nervous System Components
- Spinal Cord: Transmits messages between the body and brain; responsible for reflex actions.
- Grey Matter: Contains unmyelinated neurons; involved in basic reflexes.
- White Matter: Composed of myelinated neurons; facilitates communication to and from the brain.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Regulates the glands and muscles of internal organs.
- Comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Endocrine System
- Consists of ductless glands releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
- Hormones regulate homeostasis, growth, metabolism, and behaviors.
Key Glands
- Pituitary Gland: Known as the "master gland," it secretes hormones like growth hormone and prolactin.
- Hypothalamus: Acts as the "commander" to the pituitary gland, regulating its functions.
- Pineal Gland: Secretes melatonin, which affects the sleep-wake cycle.
Thyroid Gland
- Produces thyroxin, crucial for metabolism.
- Deficiencies linked to hypothyroidism and cretinism; excess leads to hyperthyroidism.
Adrenal Glands
- Located above the kidneys, they secrete corticosteroids enhancing stress resistance and muscle growth.
- Sympathetic ANS triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during stressful situations, intensifying emotions like fear.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: Refers to the inborn characteristics of an organism.
- Nurture: Encompasses environmental influences shaping behaviors.
Biopsychosocial Model
- Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human behavior.
Evolution and Heredity
- Charles Darwin's Theory: Proposes natural selection whereby adaptive genetic variations enhance survival and reproduction.
- Humanity, like all species, evolves and adapts over time.
Evolutionary Psychology
- Examines links between adaptation, natural selection, and psychological processes.
- Suggests psychological traits may also undergo natural selection like physical traits.
Heredity and Genetics
- Heredity: Biological transfer of traits from parents to offspring through genes.
- Genes: Basic units of heredity located on chromosomes.
- Genetics: Subfield of biology focused on heredity.
- Behavioral Genetics: Studies how genetic transmission influences behavior patterns.
Key Terms
- Gene: Basic unit of heredity on chromosomes.
- Chromosomes: Structures containing genes; humans have 46 in 23 pairs.
- DNA: Substance forming chromosomes, carrying genetic information.
Genotypes and Phenotypes
- Polygenic Traits: Influenced by multiple genes, relevant in psychological characteristics.
- Genotype: An individual's genetic makeup.
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics shaped by genotype and environment.
Epigenetics
- Studies changes in gene function due to environmental factors.
- Examples include studies on trauma effects and nutritional impacts on health.
Kinship Studies
- Compare genetic influences on behaviors in related versus unrelated individuals.
Twin Studies
- Monozygotic (MZ) Twins: Identical twins sharing the same genetic code.
- Dizygotic (DZ) Twins: Fraternal twins, as genetically similar as regular siblings.
Nervous System Overview
- Controls processes like thought, heart rate, and coordination.
- Consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Divisions of the Nervous System
- CNS: Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
- PNS: Contains sensory and motor neurons, subdivided into somatic (voluntary movements) and autonomic (involuntary responses).
Central Nervous System Components
- Spinal Cord: Transmits messages between the body and brain; responsible for reflex actions.
- Grey Matter: Contains unmyelinated neurons; involved in basic reflexes.
- White Matter: Composed of myelinated neurons; facilitates communication to and from the brain.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system, including its two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Also explore the interplay between the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. Dive into how these systems regulate internal organs and maintain homeostasis.
