68 Questions
Which of the following is a characteristic of autoimmune disease?
Is acute and progressive
In Trypanosoma cruzi infections, antibodies attack myocardial cells. This is an example of:
Bystander effect
What does a cryptic epitope refer to?
Part of the host previously unexposed to the immune system
Which response mechanism is NOT typically associated with autoimmune diseases?
Antibody deficiency
What distinguishes autoimmune diseases from other pathologies?
Gradual onset and progression
When the immune system reacts to a pathogen, causing collateral damage to healthy tissue, it is known as:
Bystander effect
What is the main consequence of a lack of induction or maintenance of tolerance in autoimmunity?
Immune response to hidden self-antigens
Which genetic elements are predominantly associated with autoimmunity in humans?
DLA-A3, 7, & 10 and B4
What phenomenon causes the exposure of hidden self-antigens in autoimmunity?
Breakage of the blood-testes barrier
Which factor contributes to autoimmune susceptibility in rare dog breedings as per the text?
Expression of MHC polymorphism
What is the primary mechanism through which autoimmunity arises according to the text?
Exposure to cryptic antigens
Why do non-tolerant T cells contribute to the development of autoimmunity?
By being constantly exposed to hidden antigens
Which of the following best defines immunodeficiency?
It is a primary or secondary failure of the immune response
Which of the following is NOT an example of primary immunodeficiency?
FeLV
What do you suspect when a 3-month-old foal presents with pale skin, cataracts, excessive bleeding, and hematoma formation after a blood draw?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
What is the likely cause when an individual exhibits pale skin, cataracts, excessive bleeding, and hematoma formation from a blood draw?
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Which condition presents with symptoms like pale skin, cataracts, excessive bleeding, and hematoma formation after blood work in a foal?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
When faced with a case of pale skin, cataracts, excessive bleeding, and hematoma formation post-blood draw in a young animal, what condition should be considered last?
FeLV
What type of graft triggers no immune response?
Autograft
In Allograft rejection, which major source triggers antibody formation?
Blood groups
Which type of rejection occurs minutes to hours after grafting due to pre-existing antibodies binding donor cell antigens?
Hyperacute rejection
What is the goal of preventing Allograft rejection?
Minimizing alloantigenic differences
Which strategy focuses on blocking T cell costimulation to prevent Allograft rejection?
Costimulatory blockade
What initiates the rejection process in a Xenograft transplant?
DAMPs from donated tissues
Which type of transplant has the potential for arterial occlusion due to smooth muscle cell proliferation leading to graft failure?
Allograft
What is the most frequent type of graft that has become routine for kidneys and bone marrow?
Allograft
Which pathway in the rejection process involves the graft antigen presenting cell trying to work with host T cells causing an immune reaction?
Direct pathway
What is the main source of damage that leads to arterial occlusion and graft failure in chronic rejection?
Proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells
What is the cause of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) in Arabians (horses), Jack Russels (dogs), and Angus, Black Pied Danish, and Freisan cattle?
Autosomal recessive mutation
Which species is affected by X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (XSCID)?
Basset hounds & corgis
What is the primary cause of Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) in horses older than 3 years?
Loss of CD4 T cell stimulation
Which virus invades and attacks T and B lymphocytes in canines?
Canine Distemper Virus
What is the clinical sign associated with Feline Leukemia Virus infection?
Fibrosarcoma development
What mechanism does the Feline Leukemia Virus use to attack T cells?
Depletion of CD4 T cells
What is the cause of Type D Simian Retrovirus infection in primates?
Bite transmission
What is the main clinical sign associated with Primary Immunity Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome?
Immunodeficiency and dwarfism
What is the feature common to Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) in Arabians and Jack Russels?
Lack of IgM in serum
What is the distinguishing feature of B cell immunodeficiency specifically seen in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels?
Reduced IgG levels
What can cause an abnormal immune response due to a lack of regulatory mechanisms?
Molecular mimicry
Which condition can stimulate autoantibodies against normal tissue antigens due to bacterial-induced damage?
Hepatitis
What type of antibodies are Rheumatoid factors?
Antibodies against other immunoglobulins
What is the main association of defective AIRE gene related to autoimmune diseases?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which phenomenon involves creating antibodies against both foreign and self-antigens simultaneously?
Molecular mimicry
What effect does the binding of an antigen to an immunoglobulin have on its configuration?
Alters the configuration, displaying new epitopes
Which of the following best defines immunodeficiency?
It is a primary or secondary failure of the immune response
Which of the following is not an example of primary immunodeficiency?
FeLV
What do you suspect is occurring when a 3-month-old foal presents with pale skin, cataracts, excessive bleeding, and hematoma formation after a blood draw?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
What distinguishes autoimmune diseases from immunodeficiency?
Immunodeficiency involves a failure of the immune response
When faced with a case of excessive bleeding and hematoma formation post-blood draw in a young animal, which condition should be considered?
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Which genetic disorder is a known cause of immunodeficiency?
DiGeorge syndrome
Which primary immunodeficiency is characterized by a defect in lysosomal membrane trafficking?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Which primary immunodeficiency is characterized by a failure of segmentation of granulocyte nuclei?
Pelger-Huet Anomaly
Which primary immunodeficiency is caused by a lack of integrin (Mac-1) CD11b/CD18?
Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD)
Which primary immunodeficiency is characterized by a defect in melanocytes that results in loss of skin color and hair pigment?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Which primary immunodeficiency is characterized by an inherited disorder that causes a failure of segmentation of granulocyte nuclei?
Pelger-Huet Anomaly
Which primary immunodeficiency is characterized by a mutation in the lyst gene that results in defective lysosomal membrane trafficking?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Which immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by enlarged granules inside neutrophils in the blood?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS)
Which breed of dog is NOT correctly associated with a specific immunodeficiency disorder?
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with IgG deficiencies
True or False: SCID prevents TCRs and BCRs from undergoing recombination of the variable region.
True
Which type of transplant is best known for having the potential for arterial occlusion due to smooth muscle cell proliferation leading to graft failure?
Xenograft transplant
Which animal species is affected by X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (XSCID)?
Dogs
Which immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by a lack of IgM in the blood?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
What is the primary mechanism of action of cyclosporine?
It inhibits T cell signalling pathways
Which of the following is true about IgG levels in newborn calves before and after receiving colostrum?
Before colostrum, 10% of expected IgG is present from placental transfer
What is the main concern regarding a BVD infection in pregnant cows at 122 days of gestation?
Malformations
Which genetic elements are predominantly associated with autoimmunity in humans?
HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8
Which type of transplant triggers no immune response?
Autograft
Which condition presents with symptoms like pale skin, cataracts, excessive bleeding, and hematoma formation after blood work in a foal?
Primary Immunity Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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