Autoimmunity and Self-Tolerance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to tissue damage and disease?

  • Autoimmunity (correct)
  • Antigen tolerance
  • Immune response breakdown
  • Lymphocyte encounter

Where does central tolerance occur in the body?

  • Tonsils and mucous membranes
  • Lymph nodes and spleen
  • Bowel and lymph nodes
  • Bone marrow and thymus (correct)

What happens to mature lymphocytes during peripheral tolerance?

  • They undergo anergy (correct)
  • They become hyperactive
  • They die in primary lymphoid organs
  • They produce more self-antigens

Which organs are considered as primary lymphoid organs?

<p>Bone marrow and thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypothyroidism?

<p>Underactive thyroid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen?

<p>Anergy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger the development of autoimmunity?

<p>Failure of intrinsic tolerance mechanisms and environmental triggers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of gene knockout technology in mice in the study of autoimmunity?

<p>Expanding knowledge of pathways contributing to autoimmunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can infectious agents contribute to the development of autoimmunity?

<p>By breaking self-tolerance and expressing antigens resembling host molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?

<p>Organ-specific diseases are restricted to specific organs, while systemic diseases affect many tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do immuno-privileged sites represent?

<p>Sites where immune responses to allo- and autoantigens are reduced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do alloantigens refer to?

<p>Antigens found in different human blood groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are antigens sequestered in immunologically privileged sites often targets of autoimmune attack?

<p>Because their release can lead to autoimmunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Molecular mimicry' refers to which phenomenon?

<p>Pathogens expressing antigens that resemble host molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of autoimmune disease is multiple sclerosis an example of?

<p>Organ-specific autoimmune disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon in which immature lymphocytes encounter self-antigens in the primary lymphoid organs and consequently die or become unreactive?

<p>Central tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when mature lymphocytes, having escaped central tolerance, encounter self-antigens in secondary lymphoid organs and undergo anergy, deletion, or suppression?

<p>Peripheral tolerance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen?

<p>Anergy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to tissue damage and disease?

<p>Autoimmunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do primary lymphoid organs include special immune system cells called lymphocytes?

<p>The bone marrow and the thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues are considered as secondary lymphoid organs?

<p>The lymph nodes and the spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to tissue damage and disease?

<p>Autoimmunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can infectious agents contribute to the development of autoimmunity?

<p>By inducing molecular mimicry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of autoimmune disease is multiple sclerosis an example of?

<p>Organ-specific autoimmune disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do alloantigens refer to?

<p>Antigens found in different members of the same species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Molecular mimicry' refers to which phenomenon?

<p>Expression of antigens resembling host molecules by infectious agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does central tolerance occur in the body?

<p>Thymus and bone marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypothyroidism?

<p>An organ-specific autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen?

<p>Tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autoimmunity

The breakdown of self-tolerance that leads to tissue damage and disease.

Self-tolerance

The ability of the immune system to recognize self vs. non-self.

Central tolerance

Tolerance developed in primary lymphoid organs like thymus and bone marrow.

Peripheral tolerance

Tolerance occurring in secondary lymphoid organs, where mature lymphocytes may ignore self-antigens.

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Anergy

State of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes upon encountering self-antigens in peripheral tolerance.

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Deletion in tolerance

The elimination of lymphocytes that react to self-antigens in peripheral tolerance.

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Suppression in tolerance

Inhibition of lymphocyte activation in response to self-antigens.

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Primary lymphoid organs

Organs where lymphocytes are produced: thymus and bone marrow.

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Secondary lymphoid organs

Organs such as lymph nodes and spleen that facilitate immune responses.

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Hypothyroidism

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

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Multiple sclerosis

An organ-specific autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.

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Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases targeting specific organs.

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Systemic autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases that affect multiple systems or organs.

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Immuno-privileged sites

Tissues that are protected from the immune system, like the brain and eyes.

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Alloantigens

Antigens from a donor of the same species.

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Antigens sequestration

The hiding of antigens in immunologically privileged sites from the immune system.

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Molecular mimicry

When the immune system confuses self-antigens for foreign antigens.

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Gene knockout technology

A method used to study autoimmunity by disabling genes in mice that affect immune response.

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Infectious agents

Pathogens that can trigger autoimmune responses.

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Triggering autoimmunity

Infectious agents lead to autoimmunity by prompting immune response to self.

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Antigens in immune system

Substances that provoke an immune response, can be self or foreign.

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Autoimmune response

The immune system's attack on the body's own cells.

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Immune system activation

The process by which the immune system engages to fight pathogens.

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Lymphocyte function

The role of lymphocytes in recognizing and responding to antigens.

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Thymus function

Produce T-lymphocytes and contribute to central tolerance.

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Bone marrow function

Where B-lymphocytes are produced and mature.

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Immune response types

Two main types of immune responses are innate and adaptive.

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Antigens and tolerance

Tolerance refers to lack of immune response to self-antigens.

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Study Notes

Autoimmunity and Immune Tolerance

  • Autoimmunity refers to the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to tissue damage and disease.
  • Central tolerance occurs in the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow).

Immune Tolerance

  • Tolerance can be divided into two types: central tolerance and peripheral tolerance.
  • During peripheral tolerance, mature lymphocytes undergo anergy, deletion, or suppression when they encounter self-antigens in secondary lymphoid organs.
  • The term for the absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen is tolerance or immune tolerance.

Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs

  • Primary lymphoid organs include the thymus and bone marrow, where special immune system cells called lymphocytes are produced.
  • Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid tissues.

Autoimmune Diseases

  • Hypothyroidism is an example of an autoimmune disease.
  • Multiple sclerosis is an example of an organ-specific autoimmune disease.
  • Autoimmune diseases can be categorized into two types: organ-specific and systemic.

Immuno-Privileged Sites and Alloantigens

  • Immuno-privileged sites are tissues that are protected from the immune system, such as the brain and eyes.
  • Alloantigens refer to antigens that come from a donor of the same species.
  • Antigens sequestered in immunologically privileged sites are often targets of autoimmune attack.

Molecular Mimicry and Gene Knockout Technology

  • Molecular mimicry refers to the phenomenon where the immune system mistakes a self-antigen for a foreign antigen, leading to an autoimmune response.
  • Gene knockout technology in mice is used to study autoimmunity by knocking out specific genes involved in the immune response.

Infectious Agents and Autoimmunity

  • Infectious agents can contribute to the development of autoimmunity by triggering the immune system to respond to self-antigens.
  • Infectious agents can also trigger the development of autoimmunity through molecular mimicry.

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Description

Test your knowledge of autoimmunity and self-tolerance mechanisms with this quiz. Explore the concepts of immune response, self-antigens, and the breakdown of self-tolerance.

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