Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the primary immune cells involved in the autoimmune condition of keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
What are the primary immune cells involved in the autoimmune condition of keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by T cell destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by T cell destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
Which ocular manifestation is NOT associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
Which ocular manifestation is NOT associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
What triggers sympathetic ophthalmia?
What triggers sympathetic ophthalmia?
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Which of these is NOT a typical factor involved in autoimmune uveoretinitis?
Which of these is NOT a typical factor involved in autoimmune uveoretinitis?
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Which ocular condition can result from a lack of tears due to lymphocytic infiltration?
Which ocular condition can result from a lack of tears due to lymphocytic infiltration?
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In sympathetic ophthalmia, what is seen as Dalen-Fuchs nodules?
In sympathetic ophthalmia, what is seen as Dalen-Fuchs nodules?
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What percentage of healthy individuals might test positive for rheumatoid factor?
What percentage of healthy individuals might test positive for rheumatoid factor?
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What characterizes the immune complexes involved in autoimmunity?
What characterizes the immune complexes involved in autoimmunity?
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Which mechanism primarily leads to the destruction of T cells in Type 1 Diabetes?
Which mechanism primarily leads to the destruction of T cells in Type 1 Diabetes?
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What ocular manifestation is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
What ocular manifestation is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by sympathetic ophthalmia?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by sympathetic ophthalmia?
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In which way does rheumatoid arthritis impact eye health?
In which way does rheumatoid arthritis impact eye health?
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What is the relationship between self-tolerance and autoimmunity?
What is the relationship between self-tolerance and autoimmunity?
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Which human leukocyte antigen is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?
Which human leukocyte antigen is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?
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Which factor is considered a potential trigger for autoimmune responses?
Which factor is considered a potential trigger for autoimmune responses?
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What is a consequence of failure of peripheral tolerance in autoimmunity?
What is a consequence of failure of peripheral tolerance in autoimmunity?
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Which condition is associated with immune complexes depositing in the joints?
Which condition is associated with immune complexes depositing in the joints?
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Which ocular manifestation is NOT typically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which ocular manifestation is NOT typically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
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What occurs due to antibodies reacting with cell-surface antigens in autoimmune diseases?
What occurs due to antibodies reacting with cell-surface antigens in autoimmune diseases?
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Which statement about sympathetic ophthalmia is accurate?
Which statement about sympathetic ophthalmia is accurate?
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Which of the following mechanisms primarily contributes to the ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which of the following mechanisms primarily contributes to the ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus?
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In type 1 diabetes, what is a primary consequence of T cell destruction?
In type 1 diabetes, what is a primary consequence of T cell destruction?
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Which type of mechanism is molecular mimicry associated with in pathology?
Which type of mechanism is molecular mimicry associated with in pathology?
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Study Notes
Autoimmunity
- Autoimmunity involves immune responses against self-tissue.
- Loss of self-tolerance is a key factor.
- Autoimmune responses can range from harmless to causing significant organ damage, which can manifest as organ-specific or multi-organ involvement.
- Examples include Myasthenia gravis and Systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Low titers of autoantibodies may be present.
Inflammation
- Acute inflammation: Innate immune system typically controls or eliminates inflammatory stimuli.
- Chronic inflammation: Failure of inflammatory stimulus elimination leads to ongoing accumulation of neutrophils, macrophages, and activated T cells. Local fibrous connective tissue deposition (granuloma formation) might occur.
Hypersensitivity Response
- Prolonged or overly vigorous immune responses can cause damage to bystander tissues.
Tolerance
- Immunological tolerance is a complex set of mechanisms that prevent the immune system from attacking self-antigens.
Pathophysiology of Autoimmunity
- Molecular Mimicry: Sequestered, "hidden" antigens from damaged tissues can trigger immune responses. Inflammatory cytokines might overwhelm local self-regulatory mechanisms.
- Antibodies: Antibodies can react with cell-surface antigens, causing diseases like Graves' disease (thyroid stimulating hormone receptor dysfunction) or myasthenia gravis (acetylcholine receptor issues).
- Immune complexes: These can deposit in tissues like the kidney's glomerular basement membrane, causing issues as seen in systemic lupus erythematosus.
- T-cell destruction: T-cells directly attacking specific cells can result in diseases like type 1 diabetes (pancreatic beta cell destruction).
- Failure of immune tolerance: Failure to accept and recognize self, failure of central tolerance, escape of self-reactive lymphocytes, and failure of regulatory cells can lead to different autoimmune syndromes
Predisposing Factors
- Polygenic susceptibility genes contribute to autoimmunity.
- Women are affected more than men.
- Specific human leukocyte antigens (e.g., HLA B27, HLA DR2) on T cells are linked to different autoimmune diseases.
- Environmental triggers like infections, smoking, hormones, and drugs can act as triggers.
Eye and Autoimmunity
- Autoimmune diseases can affect the eye as a sole organ or as part of a multi-system disorder.
- These conditions can involve connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or neurological issues.
Ocular Autoimmune Diseases
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome): Inflammation and fibrosis of lacrimal glands (caused by CD4 lymphocytes). Lack of tears can lead to corneal erosion and opacification.
- Autoimmune uveoretinitis: A neural retina inflammatory disorder with T-cells, monocytes, and damage of the photoreceptor cell layer—leading to vision impairment.
- Sympathetic ophthalmia: Post-trauma or intraocular surgery, a similar severe reaction in the unaffected eye. It can lead to bilateral blindness.
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Description
This quiz explores essential concepts in immunology, particularly focusing on autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypersensitivity responses. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to self-tolerance and how inflammation can manifest in different forms is key. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in immune responses.
