Autoimmune Diseases Overview

<p>Blood glucose &gt; 200 mg/dL two hours after 75 g oral glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myasthenic crisis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemic coma, diabetic neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticholinesterase test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticholinesterase inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initial goiter development leading to organ enlargement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It temporarily improves weakness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening with edrophonium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destructive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal cramps and diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogenic antibodies or immune cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 Diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequently affect young individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe allergic reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$30,000 annually for medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutritional deficiencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are frequently chronic life-long diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA-DR2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Celiac disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the presentation of self antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Campylobacter jejuni (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA-DQ2 (A), HLA-DQ8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Butterfly rash on the face (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discoid lupus primarily involves skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Belimumab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-double stranded DNA antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic kidney disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discoid lupus lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% of patients live more than 10 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-dsDNA antibody (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High fever above 102°F (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Joint erosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM, IgG, or IgA types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malaise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-inflammatory drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrosis and pleuritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, are examples of conditions where the immune system erroneously targets the body's own tissues

Unknown in most cases.

Pathogenic antibodies or immune cells (T cells and others) are thought to cause damage.

Common, estimated affecting 8 million people in the US alone.

Often chronic; affect young people; more frequent in women. Frequently arise spontaneously or induced.

Treatments have side effects, often including immunosuppression or other strong effects.

Glucocorticoids (e.g., Prednisolone) reduce immune activity but have significant side effects, including skin/muscle atrophy, high blood sugar and other issues.

A chronic condition where the body doesn't produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar.

A serious complication of diabetes where the body produces excess ketones, leading to potentially fatal complications like coma and death.

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones.

The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the USA, involving inflammation of the thyroid gland.

Testing blood glucose levels (fasting, after a meal or random measurement) and glucose tolerance tests, plus HbA1c values for long-term assessment.

HLA (MHC) is a major genetic factor strongly linked to autoimmune diseases.

HLA-DR2 is a specific HLA variant linked to an increased risk of Multiple Sclerosis.

HLA-DR1 and DR4 are HLA subtypes tied to an increased chance of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 are HLA genes substantially associated with Celiac Disease.

HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 are HLA genetic factors linked with a higher likelihood of type 1 diabetes.

AIRE gene malfunction can lead to APS1 where the immune system wrongly attacks multiple organs due to improper self-antigen presentation

Autoimmune illnesses targeting particular tissues and organs

Widespread inflammation affecting the whole body, rather than just one organ

Progressive muscle weakness, difficulty chewing, swallowing, speaking, vision problems (double vision, drooping eyelids), breathing difficulties, and body weakness. Muscle wasting may occur over time, and it's a remitting-relapsing disease. A serious complication is myasthenic crisis, respiratory failure.

A severe exacerbation of MG, leading to respiratory distress, dysphagia, and weakness. It often improves with anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., edrophonium).

A condition with symptoms like abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, worsened by anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., edrophonium).

Includes clinical evaluation, nerve stimulation tests, and anticholinesterase tests (e.g., edrophonium) that temporarily improve muscle weakness after injection. Thymoma (tumor in the chest) is found in about 15% of cases.

May include oral anticholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., pyridostigmine), plasmapheresis, thymectomy (surgical removal of the thymus gland), and immunosuppression.

An autoimmune disease causing bleeding in the lungs and kidneys, with destructive autoantibodies. May be present for years before detection.

Characterized by extensive lung bleeding (hemoptysis), respiratory failure, and acute kidney failure, often leading to rapid deterioration and death.

Muscle weakness including drooping eyelids, double vision, speech difficulties, and swallowing problems.

A systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, but can also impact other tissues like the skin, heart, eyes, lungs, and kidneys.

RA presents with morning stiffness lasting over 1 hour, painful swelling in small joints (hands and feet), subcutaneous nodules, symmetric arthritis, positive rheumatoid factor (RF), and joint erosion visible on X-ray.

An antibody (usually IgM, IgG, or IgA) that targets the Fc portion of IgG antibodies. Its exact function is unclear.

A high concentration of RF in the blood often correlates with more severe RA disease.

An antibody found in RA that targets a modified protein called citrullinated peptide. It's a highly specific marker for RA.

A condition in which the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) of the finger hyperextends, typically caused by RA.

While specific symptoms like joint stiffness and swelling are hallmark signs of RA, nonspecific symptoms like fatigue, fever, muscle aches, and anemia can also occur.

RA management involves medications to manage inflammation, physical therapy to maintain joint function, and rarely surgical interventions.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. It often affects many organs, causing symptoms like fatigue, joint pain, butterfly rash, anemia, and kidney problems.

SLE symptoms include fatigue, joint pain (especially in the hands and feet), muscle aches, a butterfly-shaped rash across the face, skin lesions, anemia, frequent infections, kidney problems, and neurological issues.

The characteristic butterfly-shaped rash across the face is a key symptom of SLE that often occurs due to sun exposure.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects the whole body, while discoid lupus affects only the skin. Discoid lupus has a better prognosis than SLE.

SLE is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. These include positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (Anti-dsDNA), low complement levels, and impaired renal function.

SLE can be life-threatening if left untreated. In the past, many SLE patients died within five years, but improved treatments have significantly improved survival rates.

Antiphospholipid antibodies, including the lupus anticoagulant, can cause blood clotting problems in patients with SLE.