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Questions and Answers
What characterizes autoimmune diseases?
What characterizes autoimmune diseases?
Which autoimmune disease is commonly known to affect individuals primarily under the age of 40?
Which autoimmune disease is commonly known to affect individuals primarily under the age of 40?
What is a common treatment for autoimmune diseases and what is one of its side effects?
What is a common treatment for autoimmune diseases and what is one of its side effects?
What is one notable fact about autoimmune diseases in relation to gender?
What is one notable fact about autoimmune diseases in relation to gender?
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Which of the following statements regarding the origins of autoimmune diseases is true?
Which of the following statements regarding the origins of autoimmune diseases is true?
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What is the estimated prevalence of autoimmune diseases in the US?
What is the estimated prevalence of autoimmune diseases in the US?
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What is a significant economic impact of multiple sclerosis in the USA?
What is a significant economic impact of multiple sclerosis in the USA?
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What distinguishes autoimmune diseases regarding treatment options?
What distinguishes autoimmune diseases regarding treatment options?
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What symptoms are associated with kidney involvement in Goodpasture's Syndrome?
What symptoms are associated with kidney involvement in Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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What is a critical diagnostic method for Goodpasture's Syndrome?
What is a critical diagnostic method for Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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Which of the following best describes Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following best describes Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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What is the primary treatment for Goodpasture's Syndrome?
What is the primary treatment for Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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What symptom is NOT typical in a child diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What symptom is NOT typical in a child diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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In Goodpasture's Syndrome, the binding of autoantibodies to which structures causes inflammation?
In Goodpasture's Syndrome, the binding of autoantibodies to which structures causes inflammation?
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What is the classical triad associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What is the classical triad associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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What metabolic consequence occurs due to the lack of insulin in Type 1 diabetes?
What metabolic consequence occurs due to the lack of insulin in Type 1 diabetes?
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What is a significant complication of untreated Type 1 diabetes?
What is a significant complication of untreated Type 1 diabetes?
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What can result from the presence of hyperglycemia in the blood due to Type 1 diabetes?
What can result from the presence of hyperglycemia in the blood due to Type 1 diabetes?
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Which test result indicates fasting hyperglycemia indicative of diabetes?
Which test result indicates fasting hyperglycemia indicative of diabetes?
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What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in the USA?
What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in the USA?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hypothyroidism?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hypothyroidism?
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What is the main symptom associated with myasthenia gravis?
What is the main symptom associated with myasthenia gravis?
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Which test improves symptoms temporarily in myasthenia gravis?
Which test improves symptoms temporarily in myasthenia gravis?
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What is a serious complication of myasthenia gravis known as a myasthenic crisis?
What is a serious complication of myasthenia gravis known as a myasthenic crisis?
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Which of the following features characterizes a cholinergic crisis in myasthenia gravis?
Which of the following features characterizes a cholinergic crisis in myasthenia gravis?
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What is one diagnostic finding associated with Goodpasture’s syndrome?
What is one diagnostic finding associated with Goodpasture’s syndrome?
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Which of the following symptoms would NOT typically be seen in a myasthenic crisis?
Which of the following symptoms would NOT typically be seen in a myasthenic crisis?
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What is one of the main treatment options for myasthenia gravis?
What is one of the main treatment options for myasthenia gravis?
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What is the potential fatal complication related to Goodpasture's syndrome?
What is the potential fatal complication related to Goodpasture's syndrome?
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What characteristic skin rash is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
What characteristic skin rash is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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Which of the following is NOT a common clinical presentation associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which of the following is NOT a common clinical presentation associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
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What type of lupus is specifically characterized by only skin involvement and has a better prognosis?
What type of lupus is specifically characterized by only skin involvement and has a better prognosis?
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Which laboratory test is considered a key diagnostic criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which laboratory test is considered a key diagnostic criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Which treatment is not typically used for managing systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which treatment is not typically used for managing systemic lupus erythematosus?
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What potential complication associated with systemic lupus erythematosus involves kidney dysfunction?
What potential complication associated with systemic lupus erythematosus involves kidney dysfunction?
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Which antibodies are specifically associated with increased risk of thrombosis in lupus patients?
Which antibodies are specifically associated with increased risk of thrombosis in lupus patients?
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What was the estimated survival rate for systemic lupus erythematosus patients in the 1950s compared to today?
What was the estimated survival rate for systemic lupus erythematosus patients in the 1950s compared to today?
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What specific antibody is typically positive in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
What specific antibody is typically positive in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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Which of the following is a common non-specific symptom associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Which of the following is a common non-specific symptom associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
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What is the typical presentation of joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the typical presentation of joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis?
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What does the presence of high titer rheumatoid factor (RF) indicate in rheumatoid arthritis?
What does the presence of high titer rheumatoid factor (RF) indicate in rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which deformity is characterized by the hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint in rheumatoid arthritis?
Which deformity is characterized by the hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint in rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which organ is not typically affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
Which organ is not typically affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which of the following treatments is least likely to be used for rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following treatments is least likely to be used for rheumatoid arthritis?
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What is a hallmark symptom of rheumatoid arthritis in the morning?
What is a hallmark symptom of rheumatoid arthritis in the morning?
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Study Notes
Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases are caused by the immune system attacking self-tissues.
- Important autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease, and myasthenia gravis.
- The causes of many autoimmune diseases are not clear.
- Pathogenic antibodies and immune cells (T cells) are believed to contribute to immune damage.
- Autoimmune diseases are common, frequently affecting young people, and more prevalent in women.
- They are often chronic, long-term conditions with significant personal and socioeconomic burdens.
- Costs can be high, for example, $30,000/year medication for MS, plus lost wages, etc.
- Some autoimmune diseases can arise spontaneously or be induced by factors like drugs or rabies vaccines.
- Currently, there is no cure for most autoimmune diseases, but treatments exist with potential side effects.
Immune System Related Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases are a category of immune system-related disorders.
- Hypersensitivity disorders (allergies) are another category.
- Immunodeficiencies are also related to the immune system, making a person more susceptible to infections.
- And neoplasias (leukemia, lymphomas, and others) can affect the immune system, often negatively.
Treatment and Problems
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., Prednisolone) are used, but can cause side effects like hyperglycemia, skin changes, muscle loss, osteoporosis, and more.
- Mitoxantrone is a cancer drug used with potential side effects like nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and immunosuppression, and concerns around cardiomyopathy.
- TNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab, adalimunab) can cause T-cell lymphomas and other opportunistic infections.
- Interferon beta can cause flu-like symptoms.
- Rituximab (anti-CD20 Ab) can create issues like cardiac arrest, acute renal failure, and various infections.
- Tysabri (anti-VLA-4) can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
- Campath (Alemtuzumab) can lead to autoimmune thyroiditis.
- Fingolimod (FTY720) can potentially cause skin cancer and hemorrhagic encephalitis.
How Autoimmune Diseases Arise
- Molecular mimicry: Immune system mistakenly targeting microbial proteins similar to self-proteins.
- Failure of regulatory mechanisms: Lack of tolerance, insufficient regulatory T cells or regulatory B cells.
Genetic Bases of Autoimmune Diseases
- HLA (MHC) genes are strongly linked to many autoimmune diseases.
- Specific HLA class II alleles are linked to conditions like multiple sclerosis (HLA-DR2), rheumatoid arthritis (HLA-DR1, -DR4), and others.
Other Genes and Environmental Factors
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AIRE (Autoimmune regulator) is responsible for presenting self-antigens in the thymus, absence linked to autoimmune polyglandular syndrome.
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Foxp3 is linked to IPEX and ALPS syndromes, relating to regulatory T cell impairment and autoimmunity.
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Fas deficiency can lead to autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome.
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Certain infections like Campylobacter jejuni, Group A Streptococcus, and EBV are linked to autoimmune diseases.
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Environmental factors like smoking, high salt diet, and obesity are also potentially connected to autoimmune diseases.
Classification of Autoimmune Diseases
- Organ-specific autoimmune diseases involve attacking specific organs.
- Antibody-mediated diseases, like Grave's, are mediated by antibodies.
- Cell-mediated diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, are mediated by cells.
Graves' Disease (Basedow)
- Autoimmune hyperthyroidism, causing overactive thyroid gland. Also termed Diffuse Toxic Goiter or Basedow Disease.
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
- Blocking antibodies against acetylcholine receptors in muscles lead to muscle weakness,.
Goodpasture's Syndrome
- "Destructive" autoantibodies against glomerular basement membrane that damage tissues, commonly lungs and kidneys.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Autoimmune attack against insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) is characteristic.
- Remitting-relapsing or progressive disease.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Systemic autoimmune disorder with varying symptoms and organ involvement, including skin "butterfly rash", kidney issues, and other problems..
- Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are characteristic (e.g., Anti-double stranded DNA antibodies).
- Typically affects women more.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Chronic inflammatory disease of small joints, often with morning stiffness.
- Symptoms can include pain, swollen joints, rheumatoid factor, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP).
- Can cause long-term, severe joint deformities.
Patient Presentations (Specific cases included in the document)
Additional Notes (includes data, figures etc)
- The document includes information regarding a suspected diagnosis for a child, and patient presentations to the ER with other conditions.
- Various images, figures, and relevant diagnostic information are contained in the documents.
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Description
Explore the complex world of autoimmune diseases with this quiz. Learn about various conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, and understand the impacts they have on individuals and society. Delve into the causes and treatment options available for these chronic conditions.
