Autoimmune Disease & Hypersensitivity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism that prevents autoimmune cells from entering the periphery?

  • Peripheral tolerance
  • Immunological tolerance to self
  • Central tolerance (correct)
  • Molecular mimicry

    • What happens to self-reactive T cells in the absence of signal 2?

  • They differentiate into regulator T cells
  • They undergo apoptosis
  • They become anergic and fail to proliferate (correct)
  • They recognize self-antigens and attack healthy tissues

    • What is the result of a breakdown in peripheral tolerance?

  • Generation of regulator T cells
  • Central tolerance
  • Induction of anergic T cells
  • Autoimmune disease (correct)

    • What is the function of regulator T cells in peripheral tolerance?

    <p>To suppress through actions of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of negative selection in central tolerance?

    <p>To remove T cells that strongly recognize self MHC and peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of molecular mimicry in autoimmune disease?

    <p>Loss of immunological tolerance to self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of P. gingivalis in the gingiva?

    <p>Citrullination by PAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of CD40 and CD40L in B cell activation?

    <p>To deliver the 2nd signal to Th cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>An exaggerated immune response that damages tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a hypersensitivity reaction to occur?

    <p>Previous exposure to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>0-2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for anaphylaxis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Difficulty breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adrenaline in anaphylaxis treatment?

    <p>To reduce symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of IgG binding to antigen on the cell surface?

    <p>Opsonisation and activation of phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of TLR7/9 in B cell activation?

    <p>To trigger production of type I interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which activated T cells are eliminated to prevent accumulation of self-reactive cells?

    <p>Interactions between Fas and FasL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases in females?

    <p>Incomplete X chromosome inactivation leads to an increased expression of immune response genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in preventing autoimmune diseases?

    <p>To inhibit the immune response against self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which microbial antigens mimic self-antigens, leading to the activation of self-reactive T cells?

    <p>Molecular mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

    <p>Protein-arginine deaminase (PAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the immune system prevents self-reactive B and T cells from forming?

    <p>Random generation of cell surface antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Treg cells inhibit the immune response against self-antigens?

    <p>By secreting inhibitory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the studies that implicate multiple genes in immune activation and antigen presentation?

    <p>Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which innate immune response can lead to autoimmune disease?

    <p>By bypassing the regulatory T cell response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease that occurs when there is a mutation in the Treg cell?

    <p>IPEX (Immunodysregation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Antibody-mediated response to organ-specific autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timescale for a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Hours-days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>T cells secrete chemokines, cytokines to recruit and activate macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of antigens in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Not bound to cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of immune complexes being deposited in joints and blood vessels?

    <p>Tissue damage and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Fcgamma receptors in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Binding to mast cells and increasing vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of granulomas in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>To contain the toxic products and prevent tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of multiple granulomas forming in autoimmune disease?

    <p>Tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Antigens are bound to cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mutated Aire and Fez2f transcription factors?

    <p>Severe autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

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