Immunology and Cell Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process of programmed cell death that helps control the growth of neoplastic cells?

  • Metastasis
  • Apoptosis (correct)
  • Hyperplasia
  • Angiogenesis

Which type of immune cell is responsible for coordinating the adaptive immune response and producing cytokines?

  • T Cells (correct)
  • Macrophages
  • B cells
  • Eosinophils

Systemic inflammation is characterized by which of the following?

  • A healthy response to infections
  • Limited to a specific area of the body
  • Exclusively a psychological response
  • Release of pro-inflammatory molecules into the bloodstream (correct)

Which complement pathway is initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens on the surface of pathogens?

<p>Classical pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgE antibodies in the immune system?

<p>Allergic responses and defense against parasites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential underlying mechanism for autoimmune diseases?

<p>Alteration of self-antigens (A), Overproduction of self-antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for maintaining cell shape and providing structural support?

<p>Cytoskeleton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organelle do individuals with cystic fibrosis experience malfunction, leading to thick and sticky mucus production?

<p>Cell membrane (Plasma membrane) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily managed by immune response genes?

<p>Intensity and duration of immune reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to autoimmune diseases?

<p>Gene variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes malignant tumors?

<p>They can invade surrounding tissues and may metastasize. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corticosteroids serve what purpose in immune response management?

<p>They inhibit inflammation and reduce immune cell activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is formed in epithelial tissue?

<p>Carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of immune suppression?

<p>Antibiotic therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about benign tumors is accurate?

<p>They expand within their local confines without metastasizing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cross-reactive antibodies involve in autoimmune diseases?

<p>Alterations of self-antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in the cell?

<p>Break down waste materials and foreign invaders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of peroxisomes?

<p>Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cytoskeleton play in the cell?

<p>Maintains the shape of the cell and facilitates movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for organizing microtubules during cell division?

<p>Centrosome and centrioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Control the movement of substances in and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>Maintain cell turgor and store waste products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the chloroplasts' function?

<p>Convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes the cell wall in plant cells?

<p>It is rigid and made of cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart?

<p>Propel blood through lungs and tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is classified as a congenital heart disease?

<p>Patent ductus arteriosus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by muscle fibers in disarray?

<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rheumatic heart disease is primarily a complication resulting from which type of infection?

<p>Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during atrial fibrillation?

<p>Atria quiver instead of contracting normally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes mitral valve prolapse?

<p>The leaflets enlarge and prolapse into the left atrium during systole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of myocarditis?

<p>Viruses, parasites, or fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary myocardial disease is categorized mainly into which two types?

<p>Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the inflammation of the gastric lining and is often self-limited?

<p>Acute gastritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of urinary tract infections, specifically cystitis, in women?

<p>Shorter urethra in females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Helicobacter pylori gastritis?

<p>It involves small, curved, gram-negative organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes acute enteritis from chronic enteritis?

<p>Acute enteritis is associated with intestinal infections of short duration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is NOT typically associated with peptic ulcers?

<p>Increased gastric motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is associated with Meckel’s diverticulum?

<p>Persistence of the vitelline duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major disturbance of the cardiac sphincter?

<p>Cardiospasm (achalasia) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cystitis is more common in older men primarily due to which of the following reasons?

<p>Interference with bladder emptying due to an enlarged prostate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of reactivated tuberculosis?

<p>Low immune resistance triggering an old infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tuberculosis is characterized by multiple small foci resembling millet seeds?

<p>Miliary tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are multinucleated giant cells associated with in tuberculosis?

<p>Granuloma formation and immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in the lungs due to the destruction of fine alveolar structure in COPD?

<p>Formation of cystic spaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

<p>It protects the lungs from proteolytic enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for asthma attacks?

<p>Inhalation of allergens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic bronchitis mainly manifest?

<p>Inflammation of the tracheobronchial mucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of COPD, what happens to terminal bronchioles?

<p>They undergo inflammatory swelling and narrowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung carcinoma is most commonly associated with smoking?

<p>Bronchogenic carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does pulmonary fibrosis have on the lungs?

<p>It restricts normal respiratory excursions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that helps control the growth of neoplastic cells.

Systemic inflammation

Inflammation that affects the whole body, caused by the release of pro-inflammatory molecules into the bloodstream.

T cells

Immune cells that coordinate the adaptive immune response and produce cytokines.

Classical pathway

Complement pathway activated when antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens.

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IgE antibodies

Antibodies involved in allergic responses and defense against parasites.

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Autoimmune diseases

Diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

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Cytoskeleton

Organelle that maintains cell shape and provides structural support.

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Atrial fibrillation

Arrhythmia with disorganized atrial electrical activity and an irregularly irregular ventricular response.

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Peroxisomes function

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

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Cytoskeleton function

Provides structural support, shape, and aids cell movement.

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Cytoplasm function

Fluid that suspends organelles and allows materials to move.

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Plasma Membrane function

Controls what enters/exits the cell.

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Centrosome/Centrioles function

Organize microtubules during cell division.

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Vesicles function

Transport materials within/out of the cell.

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Chloroplast Function (plant cells)

Convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to glucose.

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Cell Wall Function (plant cells)

Provides support and protection to plant cells.

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Immune Response Control

Genes control the intensity and duration of immune reactions, ensuring efficient targeting of pathogens.

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Immunity Debt/Theft

A concept contrasting how an individual's immune system may be weakened due to either misuse/loss or theft of existing immunity

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Immunosuppressive Drugs

Drugs that reduce immune cell activity, impeding cell function.

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Benign Tumor

A tumor that grows slowly and is contained in one place.

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Malignant Tumor

A tumor that grows rapidly, invades surrounding tissues, and may metastasize.

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Carcinoma

Cancer that forms in epithelial tissue, which lines organs, passages, and skin.

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Sarcoma

Cancer that arises from cells in connective tissues (mesenchymal origin)

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Heart Valves

Structures that regulate blood flow in the heart, ensuring one-way movement.

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Congenital Heart Defects

Heart abnormalities present at birth, often due to fetal development issues.

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Myocardial Ischemia

Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, depriving it of oxygen.

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Valvular Heart Disease

Conditions affecting the heart valves, affecting the normal flow of blood.

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Infective Endocarditis

Infection of the inner lining of the heart, usually affecting valves.

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Primary Myocardial Disease

Diseases directly affecting the heart muscle itself, not the valves.

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Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

Irregular heart rhythm where the atria quiver instead of contracting normally.

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Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle.

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Tuberculosis

Infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread through airborne droplets. It forms granulomas (giant cells with central necrosis) in the lungs and can spread to other organs.

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Miliary tuberculosis

Disseminated tuberculosis with multiple small, white nodules (1-2 mm) resembling millet seeds, indicating widespread infection.

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Drug-resistant TB

Tuberculosis caused by strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, often due to incomplete or premature treatment.

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Bronchitis

Inflammation of the lining of the airways (trachea and bronchi), causing cough, mucus production, and sometimes shortness of breath.

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Chronic bronchitis

Long-term inflammation of the airways, often caused by smoking or air pollution, leading to persistent cough, mucus production, and breathing difficulties.

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COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a lung condition characterized by airflow obstruction and damage to the alveoli, caused by inflammation and airway narrowing.

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Emphysema

A chronic lung condition where the air sacs (alveoli) become damaged and enlarged, leading to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.

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Asthma

A chronic lung condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.

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ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, a severe lung condition caused by fluid buildup in the alveoli, impairing oxygen exchange.

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Pulmonary Fibrosis

A lung condition where the tissue becomes scarred and thickened, making the lungs stiff and impairing oxygen exchange.

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Cardiospasm (Achalasia)

A disorder where the cardiac sphincter fails to relax, preventing food from passing into the stomach. This causes difficulty swallowing and food retention in the esophagus.

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Incompetent Cardiac Sphincter

A weakened or faulty cardiac sphincter that allows stomach acid to back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and reflux.

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Esophageal Stricture

A narrowing of the esophagus caused by scar tissue from injury, inflammation, or corrosion.

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Acute Gastritis

A short-term inflammation of the stomach lining, often associated with lifestyle factors, medications, or irritation from stomach acid.

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Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis

A type of gastritis caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, which colonizes the stomach lining and can lead to ulcers and other complications.

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Peptic Ulcer

A sore or erosion in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and protective mucus.

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Acute Enteritis

A common, short-term inflammation of the intestines caused by infections, usually resulting in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort.

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Chronic Enteritis (Crohn's Disease)

A long-term, inflammatory condition of the intestines that can cause ulcers, fistulas, and other complications.

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Study Notes

Exam Review for Pathophysiology

  • Section 1: Anatomy, Function, and Structure

    • Covers basic cell structure, heart, respiratory system, urinary system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, ocular, auditory, and nervous system anatomy
    • Includes diagrams
    • Contains 16 questions

  • Section 2: Physiology

    • Includes 11 questions
    • Covers cell physiology, heart function, urinary system, gastrointestinal tract, liver or pancreas, and nervous system physiology

  • Section 3: Pathophysiology

    • Contains 15 questions
    • Covers cell pathophysiology, cardiovascular system, respiratory system pathology, renal system, ocular system, gastrointestinal tract, liver or pancreas, and nervous system pathology

  • Section 4: Application Scenarios

    • Contains 3 questions
    • Assesses the ability to apply learned material and select the most appropriate answer in a scenario format
    • Tests true understanding of the material, without providing additional information

Test 1 Questions

  • Question 1: Impairment of passive transport processes likely results in accumulation of substances outside the cell, rather than enhanced cellular energy production or facilitated movement against their concentration gradient. Reduced reliance on active transport mechanisms might occur but is not the primary consequence.
  • Question 2: The ST segment is LEAST likely to be directly affected during a heart attack among the listed ECG components (P, Q, R, T, and ST).
  • Question 3: The heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body primarily through the superior and inferior vena cava.

Additional Questions from Term One and Two Tests (Example)

  • Question: Which condition is characterized by restricted blood flow to tissues due to artery blockage?
    • Answer: Schemia

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ENH220 011/021 Pathophysiology Final Exam Review PDF

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in immunology and cell biology with this quiz. Explore topics such as programmed cell death, immune cell functions, and the mechanisms behind autoimmune diseases. Perfect for students studying related biological sciences.

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