Immunology Quiz: Autoimmune & Immune Deficiencies
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Questions and Answers

What is a common consequence of complement deficiency in animals?

  • Increased memory cell production
  • Enhanced antibody formation
  • Severe muscle degeneration
  • Heightened susceptibility to extracellular bacterial infections (correct)

What clinical manifestation is expected in a patient with IgA deficiency?

  • Severe allergic reactions
  • Increased autoimmune responses
  • Frequent random infections (correct)
  • Chronic kidney disease

Which immune system deficiency is primarily concerned with non-cellular components?

  • Complement deficiency (correct)
  • Neutrophil deficiency
  • Monocyte deficiency
  • T cell deficiency

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the innate immune system?

<p>Phagocytizing bacteria and migrating to inflammation sites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the complexity of B and T cells during flow cytometry analysis?

<p>Side scatter measurement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of T cell deficiency, what is a significant issue regarding B cells?

<p>B cells cannot effectively respond to pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor indicates a complement receptor deficiency affecting bacterial opsonization?

<p>CD18 deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with C1 and C4 deficiencies in humans?

<p>Lupus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of immunodeficiency observed in veterinary patients?

<p>Secondary immunodeficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to a secondary immunodeficiency in animals?

<p>Age-related decline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID) in veterinary species?

<p>Lack of functioning B and T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an autograft?

<p>Animal's own tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lack of which receptor can cause T cell dysfunction in basset hounds with SCID?

<p>IL-2 receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft is likely to face rejection when transplanted?

<p>Allogeneic graft (B), Xenograft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic defect is primarily associated with SCID in Arabian horses?

<p>VDJ rearrangement issue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of susceptibility to infections in elderly veterinary patients?

<p>Age-related immune decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of neutrophil deficiency related to the inability to leave the bloodstream?

<p>High neutrophil count in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by neutrophils that are unable to perform their phagocytic functions?

<p>Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome for horses born with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)?

<p>No B cells leading to severe recurrent infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of cyclic neutropenia observed in collies?

<p>Fluctuation of neutrophil production from day to day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease results from a defect in neutrophil adhesion mechanisms?

<p>Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD)?

<p>Stem cell therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a lack of B cells imply for the immune response in affected animals?

<p>Inability to produce antibodies leading to diverse infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune response change when neutrophils are unable to perform their primary functions?

<p>Macrophages are released as a secondary defense mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autoimmune Disease

A disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

Complement Deficiency

A problem with the complement system, a part of the innate immune system, leading to difficulty clearing bacteria.

Complement Deficiency Symptoms

Frequent bacterial infections, renal disease, and sometimes lupus-like symptoms.

Neutrophil Deficiency

A problem with neutrophils, white blood cells that fight infection, leading to recurrent infections.

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B-Cell Deficiency

A problem with B cells, which produce antibodies, leading to frequent infections, especially those affecting mucosal surfaces.

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T-Cell Deficiency

A problem with T cells, which help activate other immune cells, leading to severe infections with bacteria, viruses, and fungi (including yeast).

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Diagnosis of Complement Deficiency

Determining protein levels of complement components and using a total hemolytic complement assay.

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Flow Cytometry

A technique to analyze and count different types of cells in a sample (such as blood), based on size and complexity.

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Neutrophil Deficiency Types

Neutrophils can have problems with leaving the bloodstream, functioning in tissues, or not being present in sufficient numbers.

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CLAD/BLAD

Conditions causing neutrophils to be unable to leave the bloodstream due to a missing or abnormal CD18 receptor.

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Neutrophil Dysfunction

Neutrophils may not function properly in the tissue, leading to impaired phagocytosis or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

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Neutropenia Syndromes

Conditions with a severe lack of neutrophils, increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections.

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Cyclic Neutropenia

A neutropenia syndrome where neutrophil counts fluctuate, causing unpredictable periods of infection susceptibility.

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Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)

A disease in horses, where B cells are deficient, leading to an inability to produce antibodies, and significant susceptibility to infections.

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Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

A condition in canines where neutrophils have issues with binding to the vessel walls preventing them from moving into tissues which leads to neutrophilia with no tissue neutrophils

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B-cell Deficiency (Horses)

Lack of B cells in horses causes deficiency in antibody production, significantly increasing the risk and severity of infections.

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Most common immunodeficiency in vets

Secondary immunodeficiencies are the most common type seen in adult animals.

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Secondary Immunodeficiency Cause

Factors such as age, chronic diseases, stress, malnutrition, medical immune suppression (like prednisone or chemotherapy) can cause secondary immunodeficiencies.

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SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)

A genetic disorder in various animal species characterized by a lack of both B and T cells, leading to severe infections.

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SCID Genetic Cause (Horses)

In Arabian horses, SCID arises from a failure to properly arrange VDJ segments in B and T cell receptors.

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SCID Genetic Cause (Dogs)

Basset hounds have a non-functioning IL-2 receptor, hindering T cell proliferation, and thus affecting B and T cells .

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Autograft

A graft of an animal's own tissue; no rejection.

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Syngeneic graft

A graft from a genetically identical animal; no rejection.

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Xenograft

A graft from a different species; rejection.

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Study Notes

Autoimmune Diseases (Review)

  • Autoimmune responses occur after T cells are released from the thymus.
  • Errors can lead to targeting self-tissue.
  • Cytokines can overstimulate T cells.

Innate Immune System Deficiencies

  • Non-cellular (complement):

    • Crucial for clearing extracellular bacteria.
    • Deficiencies in complement proteins can lead to infections and diseases like lupus.

  • Cellular (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells):

    • Neutrophils are typically found in circulation.
    • Deficiencies in these cells can lead to severe infections, particularly bacterial ones.

Complement Pathway

  • The complement pathway is a system of proteins that work together to enhance the immune response.
  • Components like C3, C4, and C1 are essential parts of the system.
  • The complement pathway can lead to inflammation and cell destruction (cytolysis).

Adaptive Immune Deficiencies

  • Primarily affecting B and T cells.
    • B cell deficiencies lead to immunoglobulin deficiencies (especially IgA), increasing susceptibility to infections.
    • T cell deficiencies result in severe problems with antibody production and immune responses.
    • Symptoms of deficiencies include recurrent infections and difficulty combating bacterial, viral, and fungal germs

Specific Diseases

  • Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) in horses:
    • Characterized by a lack of antibodies and increased susceptibility to infections.
    • Symptoms usually appear after the initial maternal antibody protection has worn off (4-5 months).
  • Neutropenia:
    • Decreased neutrophil numbers.
    • Can be due to various factors, including cyclical or chronic conditions.
  • Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD):
    • Genetic condition characterized by a defect in neutrophil function and their ability to leave the bloodstream.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

  • A genetic disorder.
  • Characterized by the absence of functional T and B cells.
  • Leads to severe immunodeficiency.
  • Affected animals are extremely susceptible to infections.

Grafts

  • Autografts: Tissue from the same animal. No rejection.
  • Syngeneic grafts: Tissue from a genetically identical animal. No rejection.
  • Xenografts: Tissue from a different species. Rejection.
  • Allografts: Tissue from a different animal of the same species. Rejection.
  • Most graft rejection is due to an alloreactive response.

Chronic Graft Rejection

  • Graft longevity is often relatively short—less than 10 years.
  • Ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • Viral infections.
  • Concurrent disease processes.

Graft Versus Host Disease

  • Donor T cells attacking the recipient's cells (after transplant).
  • Leads to effects on multiple organs and tissues.

Cancer Immunology

  • Neoplastic transformation: Multiple DNA mutations in cells leading to uncontrolled growth.
  • Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: These play roles in regulating cell growth.
  • Tumor evasion of the immune system: Tumors can evade detection and destruction by the immune system through various mechanisms such as reduced MHC expression.
  • Immunotherapy: strategies that enhance or manipulate immune cells to target and destroy tumor cells.

Diagnostic Immunology

  • Defining tests for detecting antibodies and antigens.
    • ELISA: A widely used technique for detecting and quantifying proteins in biological samples.
    • Immunofixation: Used to identify specific proteins and antibodies.
  • Antibody titer: Measures the concentration of antibodies in a sample.

Immunodiagnostic Tests

  • Detect antibodies or antigens.
  • Used for IMHA diagnosis, etc.

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Description

Test your knowledge on autoimmune diseases and immune deficiencies. This quiz covers the roles of T cells, the complement pathway, and the innate immune system components. Discover how deficiencies can lead to various health issues like infections and autoimmune disorders.

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