Immunology Quiz: Autoimmune & Immune Deficiencies

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Questions and Answers

What is a common consequence of complement deficiency in animals?

Increased memory cell production

Enhanced antibody formation

Severe muscle degeneration

Heightened susceptibility to extracellular bacterial infections (correct)

What clinical manifestation is expected in a patient with IgA deficiency?

Severe allergic reactions

Increased autoimmune responses

Frequent random infections (correct)

Chronic kidney disease

Which immune system deficiency is primarily concerned with non-cellular components?

Complement deficiency (correct)

Neutrophil deficiency

Monocyte deficiency

T cell deficiency

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the innate immune system?

Phagocytizing bacteria and migrating to inflammation sites Signup and view all the answers

What determines the complexity of B and T cells during flow cytometry analysis?

Side scatter measurement Signup and view all the answers

In cases of T cell deficiency, what is a significant issue regarding B cells?

B cells cannot effectively respond to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which factor indicates a complement receptor deficiency affecting bacterial opsonization?

CD18 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with C1 and C4 deficiencies in humans?

Lupus Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of immunodeficiency observed in veterinary patients?

Secondary immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to a secondary immunodeficiency in animals?

Age-related decline Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID) in veterinary species?

Lack of functioning B and T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an autograft?

Animal's own tissue Signup and view all the answers

The lack of which receptor can cause T cell dysfunction in basset hounds with SCID?

IL-2 receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft is likely to face rejection when transplanted?

Allogeneic graft Signup and view all the answers

What genetic defect is primarily associated with SCID in Arabian horses?

VDJ rearrangement issue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of susceptibility to infections in elderly veterinary patients?

Age-related immune decline Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of neutrophil deficiency related to the inability to leave the bloodstream?

High neutrophil count in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by neutrophils that are unable to perform their phagocytic functions?

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome for horses born with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)?

No B cells leading to severe recurrent infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of cyclic neutropenia observed in collies?

Fluctuation of neutrophil production from day to day Signup and view all the answers

Which disease results from a defect in neutrophil adhesion mechanisms?

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD)?

Stem cell therapy Signup and view all the answers

What does a lack of B cells imply for the immune response in affected animals?

Inability to produce antibodies leading to diverse infections Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune response change when neutrophils are unable to perform their primary functions?

Macrophages are released as a secondary defense mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autoimmune Diseases (Review)

Autoimmune responses occur after T cells are released from the thymus.
Errors can lead to targeting self-tissue.
Cytokines can overstimulate T cells.

Innate Immune System Deficiencies

Non-cellular (complement):
- Crucial for clearing extracellular bacteria.
- Deficiencies in complement proteins can lead to infections and diseases like lupus.
Cellular (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells):
- Neutrophils are typically found in circulation.
- Deficiencies in these cells can lead to severe infections, particularly bacterial ones.

Complement Pathway

The complement pathway is a system of proteins that work together to enhance the immune response.
Components like C3, C4, and C1 are essential parts of the system.
The complement pathway can lead to inflammation and cell destruction (cytolysis).

Adaptive Immune Deficiencies

Primarily affecting B and T cells.
- B cell deficiencies lead to immunoglobulin deficiencies (especially IgA), increasing susceptibility to infections.
- T cell deficiencies result in severe problems with antibody production and immune responses.
- Symptoms of deficiencies include recurrent infections and difficulty combating bacterial, viral, and fungal germs

Specific Diseases

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) in horses:
- Characterized by a lack of antibodies and increased susceptibility to infections.
- Symptoms usually appear after the initial maternal antibody protection has worn off (4-5 months).
Neutropenia:
- Decreased neutrophil numbers.
- Can be due to various factors, including cyclical or chronic conditions.
Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD):
- Genetic condition characterized by a defect in neutrophil function and their ability to leave the bloodstream.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

A genetic disorder.
Characterized by the absence of functional T and B cells.
Leads to severe immunodeficiency.
Affected animals are extremely susceptible to infections.

Grafts

Autografts: Tissue from the same animal. No rejection.
Syngeneic grafts: Tissue from a genetically identical animal. No rejection.
Xenografts: Tissue from a different species. Rejection.
Allografts: Tissue from a different animal of the same species. Rejection.
Most graft rejection is due to an alloreactive response.

Chronic Graft Rejection

Graft longevity is often relatively short—less than 10 years.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Viral infections.
Concurrent disease processes.

Graft Versus Host Disease

Donor T cells attacking the recipient's cells (after transplant).
Leads to effects on multiple organs and tissues.

Cancer Immunology

Neoplastic transformation: Multiple DNA mutations in cells leading to uncontrolled growth.
Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: These play roles in regulating cell growth.
Tumor evasion of the immune system: Tumors can evade detection and destruction by the immune system through various mechanisms such as reduced MHC expression.
Immunotherapy: strategies that enhance or manipulate immune cells to target and destroy tumor cells.

Diagnostic Immunology

Defining tests for detecting antibodies and antigens.
- ELISA: A widely used technique for detecting and quantifying proteins in biological samples.
- Immunofixation: Used to identify specific proteins and antibodies.
Antibody titer: Measures the concentration of antibodies in a sample.

Immunodiagnostic Tests

Detect antibodies or antigens.
Used for IMHA diagnosis, etc.

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Description

Test your knowledge on autoimmune diseases and immune deficiencies. This quiz covers the roles of T cells, the complement pathway, and the innate immune system components. Discover how deficiencies can lead to various health issues like infections and autoimmune disorders.