Lecture 20: Adaptive Immunity

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Questions and Answers

Which type of antibody is produced first in response to an infection?

IgM

What is the structure of IgM antibodies?

Pentamer

What type of defence is IgG efficient against?

Viral and bacterial infections

What is required for the production of IgG?

T cell help Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgE antibodies?

Defence against worms and parasites Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the variable region in antibodies?

Antigen recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the constant region in antibodies?

Effector function Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are activated by IgE antibodies?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What often precedes an autoimmune disease?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Why are autoimmune diseases more common in women?

Hormonal differences Signup and view all the answers

What can local trauma lead to?

Release of hidden antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

Either organ-specific or systemic Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in autoimmune diseases?

All aspects of the adaptive immune response Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis?

Myelin destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the immune system in cancer?

To constantly lookout for cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential way to treat cancer?

Harnessing the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of adaptive immunity in human disease?

To recognize and respond to external pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a breakdown in immunological tolerance?

Development of autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the innate immune system?

Short-lived duration Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between human disease and the environment?

Human disease is a conspiracy between genetic and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the adaptive immune system's ability to 'tolerate self'?

To prevent the immune system from attacking self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of targeting the immune system in the fight against human disease?

Breakthroughs in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between central and peripheral tolerance?

Central tolerance occurs in the thymus, while peripheral tolerance occurs in the periphery Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of autoimmune diseases?

Both organ-specific and systemic diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in preventing, treating, and curing diseases?

Manipulating the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to understand in order to manipulate the immune system?

The key cells and molecules of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the immune system constantly on the lookout for?

Cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in many autoimmune diseases?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of regulatory cells in the immune system?

To find and destroy self-reactive lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential way to treat cancer?

Harnessing the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the genes responsible for autoimmune diseases?

They are inherited Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between autoimmune diseases and genetics?

Autoimmune diseases are linked to genes responsible for T cell activation and maintaining immunological tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What do helper T cells do?

Help other cells of the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)?

Killing infected cells in a highly specific way Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of some helper T cells?

To regulate or suppress the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a breakdown in immunological tolerance?

Autoimmune diseases occur Signup and view all the answers

In which type of tissue does central tolerance occur?

Primary lymphoid tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory cells in immunological tolerance?

To regulate or suppress the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of CTLs in anti-tumour immunity?

Killing tumour cells in a highly specific way Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of helper T cells in relation to CTLs?

Helper T cells help CTLs to kill infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autoimmune Disease

Autoimmune disease is often preceded by an infection
Many autoimmune diseases are more common in women
Local trauma leading to inflammatory reaction may release previously hidden antigens, triggering an immune response (e.g., sunlight triggering systemic lupus erythematosus)

Characteristics of Autoimmune Disease

Can be organ-specific or systemic
Involves all aspects of the adaptive immune response
Examples: systemic lupus erythematosus, Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis

T cells play a key role in the inflammatory process
T cells adhere to and extravasate into the brain, causing inflammation and destruction of myelin

Immunological Tolerance

A system for determining which lymphocyte clones will be allowed to survive
Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissues
Peripheral tolerance is mediated primarily by regulatory cells
Breakdown in tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases

Genetic Factors in Autoimmune Diseases

Many autoimmune diseases are linked to genes responsible for T cell activation, maintaining immunological tolerance, and finding and destroying self-reactive lymphocytes
These genes are often inherited

Cancer and the Immune System

Our immune system is constantly on the lookout for cancer cells
Can our immune system destroy cancer cells?
Can we harness the immune system to treat cancer?

Immunology in Human Disease

Understanding the immune system is key to preventing, treating, and curing diseases
To understand the immune system, we need to know the key cells, key molecules, and how they interact

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Lecture 20: Adaptive Immunity

Questions and Answers

Which type of antibody is produced first in response to an infection?

What is the structure of IgM antibodies?

What type of defence is IgG efficient against?

What is required for the production of IgG?

What is the primary function of IgE antibodies?

What is the function of the variable region in antibodies?

What is the function of the constant region in antibodies?

What type of cells are activated by IgE antibodies?

What often precedes an autoimmune disease?

Why are autoimmune diseases more common in women?

What can local trauma lead to?

What is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

What is involved in autoimmune diseases?

What can be a consequence of inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis?

What is the role of the immune system in cancer?

What is a potential way to treat cancer?

What is the primary focus of adaptive immunity in human disease?

What is the outcome of a breakdown in immunological tolerance?

What is a characteristic of the innate immune system?

What is the relationship between human disease and the environment?

What is the purpose of the adaptive immune system's ability to 'tolerate self'?

What is the outcome of targeting the immune system in the fight against human disease?

What is the main difference between central and peripheral tolerance?

What is the scope of autoimmune diseases?

What is a crucial step in preventing, treating, and curing diseases?

What is essential to understand in order to manipulate the immune system?

What is the immune system constantly on the lookout for?

What is a key factor in many autoimmune diseases?

What is the purpose of regulatory cells in the immune system?

What is a potential way to treat cancer?

What is a characteristic of the genes responsible for autoimmune diseases?

What is the relationship between autoimmune diseases and genetics?

What do helper T cells do?

What is a key function of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)?

What is the role of some helper T cells?

What is the result of a breakdown in immunological tolerance?

In which type of tissue does central tolerance occur?

What is the role of regulatory cells in immunological tolerance?

What is the key function of CTLs in anti-tumour immunity?

What is the function of helper T cells in relation to CTLs?

Study Notes

Autoimmune Disease

Characteristics of Autoimmune Disease

Multiple Sclerosis

Immunological Tolerance

Genetic Factors in Autoimmune Diseases

Cancer and the Immune System

Immunology in Human Disease

Studying That Suits You

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