Autism Spectrum Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of pivotal response teaching (PRT)?

  • Targeting pivotal skills to enhance overall functioning (correct)
  • Teaching non-academic skills only
  • Developing communication skills exclusively
  • Behavior modification techniques

    • Which communication system is specifically designed to assist children with autism who have difficulty acquiring speech?

  • Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) (correct)
  • Augmentative and Alternative Communication Software
  • Verbal Behavior Approach
  • American Sign Language

    • What role do social stories play in educating students with autism spectrum disorders?

  • They focus only on academics.
  • They help modify language skills solely.
  • They serve as punishment for misbehavior.
  • They address inappropriate social behaviors. (correct)

    • In which educational setting is it currently common to place students with autism spectrum disorders?

    <p>Self-contained classrooms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the pivotal areas that pivotal response teaching aims to improve for individuals with autism?

    <p>Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP)?

    <p>Examining social skills of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an area assessed by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)?

    <p>Mathematical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range does the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) typically apply to?

    <p>2 years old and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of early intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders?

    <p>They require intensive instructional programming for a full school day, 5 days a week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is primarily used to monitor what aspect in individuals with autism spectrum disorders?

    <p>Severity of social impairment and adaptive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the early beliefs about the causes of autism during the twentieth century?

    <p>Parental influence, especially mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has scientific evidence suggested about the genetic component of autism?

    <p>It has a strong hereditary component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the neurological basis for autism spectrum disorders?

    <p>There are disorders of neural networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic observation in children with autism regarding their brain growth?

    <p>Brain size tends to grow excessively starting early in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two instruments are considered the 'gold standards' for diagnosing autism?

    <p>Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale (ADOS) and Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI-R)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors do clinicians focus on when diagnosing autism?

    <p>Communication skills, social interactions, and repetitive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem is often noted in the social interactions of individuals with autism?

    <p>Impaired social responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the genetic basis of autism spectrum disorders?

    <p>Spontaneous mutations and tiny deletions or duplications of genetic material may play a role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key component of effective teaching for young children mentioned in the content?

    <p>One-to-one and small group instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the transition programming for people with autism?

    <p>Person-centered planning that encourages individual decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial for evaluating the progress of children in early education programs?

    <p>Ongoing program evaluation and individual assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to happen to social interaction issues for people with Asperger syndrome during adolescence and adulthood?

    <p>They are often misunderstood and can worsen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the suggested approaches to improving social deficits in individuals with Asperger syndrome?

    <p>Considering a continuum from social survival skills to social competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of students with autism are primarily in general education classrooms?

    <p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment focuses on monitoring progress in language development for students with autism?

    <p>Natural language samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one critical area of assessment for students with autism spectrum disorders?

    <p>Language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source for assessing expressive language in children with autism?

    <p>Social media interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range does the PDD Behavior Inventory (PDDBI) specifically target for monitoring social/adaptive behavior?

    <p>2 to 12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a source that should be included in language assessments for children with autism?

    <p>Phonology measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of students with autism are in separate classes?

    <p>42%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these areas is specifically NOT included when monitoring social/adaptive behavior?

    <p>Emotional regulation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is joint attention in the context of autism?

    <p>The process of alerting another to a stimulus nonverbally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is common in children with autism?

    <p>Repetitive and ritualistic behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does impaired social interaction in Asperger syndrome typically involve?

    <p>Difficulty in recognizing social signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'theory of mind' refer to?

    <p>The ability to understand other people's perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes hyperresponsive individuals with autism?

    <p>Those who react strongly to certain sensory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive characteristic is typically impaired in individuals with autism?

    <p>Cognitive deficits similar to those with intellectual disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is executive function in the context of autism spectrum disorders?

    <p>Self-regulation of emotions and planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does central coherence refer to?

    <p>The inclination to perceive meaningful wholes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autism Spectrum Disorders

    • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a broader term for similar disorders.
    • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V) recommends individuals meet three criteria for diagnosis:
      • Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction (marked deficits in nonverbal/verbal communication; lack of social reciprocity; failure to develop/maintain peer relationships).
      • Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (stereotyped motor or verbal behaviors, unusual sensory behaviors, excessive adherence to routines and ritualized patterns of behavior, restricted, fixated interests).
      • Symptoms must be present in early childhood.

    Prevalence

    • Early large-scale epidemiological surveys of autism found prevalence rates around 1 in 2,500.
    • More recent surveys show a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 110.
    • Prevalence rates for autism are four times higher in boys than girls.
    • Prevalence rates are higher in the European American population than in Latino or African American populations.

    Causal Theories

    • Early theories sometimes speculated on parental causes, primarily mothers.
    • Today's theories focus on neurological causes:
      • High incidence of brain seizures and cognitive deficits.
      • Disorders of neural networks.
      • Rapid and excessive brain/head growth in early childhood.
    • Genetics are a crucial component.
      • If one sibling has autism, the chance of the other sibling also having autism is 15%.
      • This is much more likely (or higher %) in identical twins compared to fraternal twins.
      • Various genetic mutations or duplications are involved, but no single "autism gene" exists.

    Identification

    • Clinicians use specific criteria focused on communication skills, social interactions, and repetitive/stereotyped behaviors to diagnose autism spectrum disorders.
    • The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) are the gold-standard instruments.
    • Early signs may include a lack of big smiles/expressions of joy/warmth by 6 months; a lack of response to one's own name or back-and-forth sharing of expressions by 9 months; and a lack of consistent response to their own name/babbling/gesture by 12 months.

    Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics of ASD

    • Impaired Social Interaction: Individuals with autism display deficits in social responsiveness.
    • Impaired Communication: Children with ASD may lack communicative intent or the desire to communicate socially; joint attention is often impaired.
    • Repetitive and Stereotyped Patterns: Stereotyped motor or verbal behaviors are common, including repetitive, ritualistic behaviors like twirling, spinning objects, flapping hands, and rocking.
    • Impaired Cognition: Individuals with ASD show varying degrees of cognitive deficits. There are individuals with autism who possess extraordinary skills (autistic savants).
    • Abnormal Sensory Perceptions: Individuals with autism may be hyper or hyporesponsive to sensory stimuli, or exhibit synaesthesia.

    Asperger Syndrome

    • People with Asperger syndrome have difficulties with social interactions (difficulty reading social cues) and communication skills (problems with pragmatics, social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication).

    Unifying Theory of ASD

    • Executive Functions: Include working memory, self-regulation of emotions, and the ability to plan ahead.
    • Central Coherence: The natural inclination to perceive information as meaningful wholes.
    • Theory of Mind: The ability to take another person's perspective.

    Educational Considerations

    • Autism's varied characteristics make remediation difficult; unproven treatments are prevalent.
    • Effective educational programming for ASD typically includes:
      • Direct instruction of skills, using structured and directive approaches based on behavioral principles.
      • Instruction in natural settings and natural interactions.
      • Behavior management (FBA and PBIS) focused on supporting positive behaviors rather than punishments.

    Examples of Educational Programs

    • Pivotal Response Teaching (PRT): Focuses on critical skills (motivation, self-management) for broader skill improvements.

    • Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): A communication system using pictures for those with speech difficulties.

    • Educators often use a combination of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies such as sign language, voice output communication aids, or symbols and pictures to aid in communication development.

    • Social Stories (creating social stories) are a way to address inappropriate social behaviors with autistic spectrum disorders students, particularly with adolescents.

    Service Delivery Model

    • Self-contained classrooms are a common approach; however, inclusion models can be an effective approach.
    • Instruction might be individual, one-on-one, or in small groups.

    Assessment of Progress

    • Two primary areas of assessment are language development and social/adaptive behavior.
    • Measurement tools include:
      • The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), parent/teacher scale for monitoring progress of social behavior (social awareness, social information processing, social anxiety, social avoidance, reciprocal communication).
      • The Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP) is a standardized outcome measure that assesses social skills including Social Reciprocity, Social Participation/Avoidance, and Detrimental Social Behaviors.
      • The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is frequently used for screening and diagnostic purposes, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.

    Early Intervention

    • Most early intervention programs prioritize children with more severe autism rather than mild forms.
    • Emphasizes intensive instructional programming, full school day, and full school year, with repeated sessions as needed for children.

    Transition to Adulthood

    • Transition programming emphasizes person-centered planning, community-based residential facilities, supported living, and competitive employment.
    • Some research notes a continuum from social survival skills to social competence for adolescents and adults with Asperger's syndrome (and autism more generally).

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    Related Documents

    Autism Spectrum Disorders PDF

    Description

    This quiz provides an overview of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), focusing on diagnostic criteria as outlined in the DSM-V. It also discusses the prevalence of autism in different demographics, emphasizing the significant differences between boys and girls. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of ASD.

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