Autism Spectrum Disorder and Neurocognitive Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the early signs of Alzheimer's Disease related to mood?

Depression (correct)

Lethargy

Aggression

Euphoria

Which genetic condition is associated with a greater risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease?

Down's Syndrome (correct)

Cystic Fibrosis

Sickle Cell Anemia

Hemophilia

What is a characteristic feature of dementia as an umbrella term?

Sudden onset

Mild cognitive changes

Serious memory impairment (correct)

Physical impairment

Which of the following is NOT a psychological therapy mentioned?

Biological Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the limitations of many types of dementia treatments?

They are not effective Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorder generally shows clear and predictable changes in brain structure?

Neurocognitive Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What kind of psychological treatment strives to enhance emotional well-being?

Psychotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy focuses on cognitive restructuring as a technique?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of problem-focused coping?

Tackling problems head on Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is characterized by viewing stressors as temporary challenges and displaying dispositional optimism?

Disease-resistant personality Signup and view all the answers

How does a person's perception of control influence their experience of stress?

Believing in control can reduce the effects of stress Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy is more likely employed when a situation is deemed unavoidable?

Emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of individuals with disease-prone personalities in relation to stressors?

They frequently ruminate on stressors and see them as catastrophic Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Difficulty with social and emotional interactions Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children are estimated to be affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder?

0.6% - 2% Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis relates to the developmental periods in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Pruning hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates dementia from Alzheimer's disease?

Dementia is an umbrella term, Alzheimer's is a specific disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of neurocognitive disorders?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Autism Spectrum Disorder is correct?

It can vary from mild to very severe. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is associated with restricted, repetitive behaviours in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Insistence on sameness Signup and view all the answers

What type of decline characterizes dementia?

Irreversible cognitive decline Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of individualist cultures?

Autonomy and personal achievement Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of Hofstede's model refers to wealth and power differences?

Power/distance Signup and view all the answers

What describes tight cultures?

Strong social norms and low tolerance of deviance Signup and view all the answers

What does absolutism in cultural psychology assume?

There are universal psychological principles applicable to all Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of collectivist cultures?

Interrelatedness among group members Signup and view all the answers

What does the emic perspective focus on?

Cultural specifics and one particular group Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension indicates how cultures deal with uncertainty?

Uncertainty/avoidance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of cross-cultural psychologists?

Understanding the impact of culture on psychological processes Signup and view all the answers

What two cultural backgrounds do transnational adoptees potentially connect with?

Heritage culture and host-country culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between bicultural identity integration and psychological well-being?

Bicultural identity integration enhances ethnic identity development, improving psychological well-being. Signup and view all the answers

What typology established by Berry (1990) emphasizes a positive relationship with the dominant society while retaining cultural identity?

Integration Signup and view all the answers

What are the health consequences faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia?

Dispossession and marginalization Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus during the 'assimilation' phase of Indigenous psychology in Australia?

Integration of Indigenous peoples into mainstream society Signup and view all the answers

What element is crucial for developing Indigenous cultural competence?

Understanding one's own values and beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to discuss Indigenous peoples separately?

To avoid homogenizing their unique identities and experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible outcome of cultural contact?

Integration alongside patterns of discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction.
Individuals with ASD may struggle with social-emotional reciprocity, interpreting non-verbal cues, and forming relationships.
Restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities are also common, including stereotyped movements, insistence on sameness, and fixated interests.
Prevalence rates range from 0.6% to 2% of children.
ASD is four times more common in males.
Strong genetic component, with twin concordance rates ranging from 37% to 90%.
ASD is not caused by the MMR vaccine.

Neurocognitive Disorders

A class of disorders characterized by cognitive impairment.
Common causes include advanced age, illnesses (e.g., HIV-related dementia), injuries (e.g., traumatic brain injury), and genetics (e.g., Huntington's Disease).

Dementia

An umbrella term encompassing a range of disorders that cause a steady decline in cognitive function.
Affects memory, language, thought, and behavior.
While some forms are treatable (e.g., those due to infection), most are irreversible (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease).

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

The most common type of dementia.
Characterized by insidious onset and progressive cognitive decline.
Alongside memory decline, individuals with AD may experience mood changes, language impairment, restlessness, motor difficulties, psychosis, and loss of social inhibition.
Genetic factors play a significant role in increasing the risk of AD.
Past traumatic brain injuries and certain conditions (e.g., Down Syndrome) also raise the risk of developing AD.

Psychotherapy

A broad term encompassing diverse techniques aimed at enhancing psychological and emotional well-being.
The effectiveness and scientific rigor of different treatments vary.
Treatment outcomes may also be influenced by factors like specific groups or populations.

Stress Appraisal

How we perceive and cope with stressors depends on our perception of control and our tolerance of uncertainty.
Belief in control can reduce the effects of stress, while intolerance of uncertainty can exacerbate stress responses.

Coping Strategies

Problem-focused coping: Addressing problems head-on.
Emotion-focused coping: Managing painful emotions.
Choice of coping strategy often reflects optimism and perceived control over the situation.

Cognitive Styles and Stress

Disease-prone personalities: View stressors catastrophically, ruminate, and tend to rely on emotion-focused coping.
Disease-resistant personalities: Perceive stressors as temporary challenges, exhibit optimism, and employ problem-focused coping.

Cultural Psychology

Examines the influence of culture on individual psychological processes.

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Compares and contrasts psychological phenomena across different societies or cultures.

Theoretical Issues in Cultural Psychology

Absolutism: Assumes universal psychological phenomena.
Relativism: Assumes culturally determined behavior.
Universalism: Posits basic principles of behavior, but with cultural variations in their expression.

Identity of Transnational Adoptees

Transnational adoptees navigate potential connection to two cultural backgrounds:
- Heritage culture (ethnic identity)
- Host-country culture (national identity)
Bicultural identity integration, influenced by ethnic identity development, fosters psychological well-being.

Cultural Contact

Culture shock – Acculturation
Berry's typology proposes four acculturation strategies based on relationships with the dominant society and retention of cultural identity.

Culture and Identity

Cultural contact can lead to positive outcomes like cultural competence but can also result in negative experiences like racism, ethnocentrism, discrimination, and prejudice.

Indigenous Psychology

Focuses on the psychological experiences of indigenous peoples, recognizing their unique histories, cultures, and challenges.

Indigenous Psychology in Australia

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are the original inhabitants of Australia, representing some of the oldest cultures in the world.
They have faced ongoing challenges including dispossession, marginalization, racism, and the Stolen Generation.
The history of colonization in Australia has had significant impacts on their well-being and continues to shape their experiences.

Working with Indigenous Peoples

It is essential to develop cultural competence when working with Indigenous communities.
This involves developing knowledge, understanding, values, skills, and attributes that enable effective collaboration and respect for Indigenous perspectives.

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Description

Explore the characteristics and prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), along with insights into neurocognitive disorders such as dementia. This quiz will test your understanding of the cognitive impairments associated with these conditions. Join us to learn more about these important mental health topics.