Questions and Answers
What are two examples of maximizing discrimination?
Define shaping.
Reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior while extinguishing previous approximations.
Provide an example of shaping.
Andy cannot say the sound 'b'. The BT's shape the 'b' sound.
Name the 3 types of chaining.
Signup and view all the answers
When is chaining used?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Natural Environment Training (NET)?
Signup and view all the answers
List the advantages of using NET.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the differences between NET and DTT?
Signup and view all the answers
Name 3 examples of indirect prompting strategies used in NET.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between maintenance and generalization?
Signup and view all the answers
Across which 3 domains should generalization be demonstrated?
Signup and view all the answers
List 4 strategies for promoting generalization.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two guidelines for collecting accurate data?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Daily Notes section in Catalyst used for?
Signup and view all the answers
Where in Catalyst can you find access to your supervisor's team meeting notes?
Signup and view all the answers
How can you correct an error in Catalyst?
Signup and view all the answers
How do you take ABC data using Catalyst?
Signup and view all the answers
What is partial interval recording?
Signup and view all the answers
What is momentary time sampling?
Signup and view all the answers
List 2 examples of permanent product data.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the 6 elements of a line graph?
Signup and view all the answers
What two processes indicate a large break in time when data was not collected?
Signup and view all the answers
Define abuse.
Signup and view all the answers
Name 3 common signs of abuse.
Signup and view all the answers
Who is a mandated reporter?
Signup and view all the answers
When should you report abuse?
Signup and view all the answers
How can a BT treat a client with dignity?
Signup and view all the answers
What information about the client is considered Private Health Information under HIPAA?
Signup and view all the answers
In what situations is breaching client confidentiality acceptable?
Signup and view all the answers
How can a Behavior Technician avoid compromising confidentiality?
Signup and view all the answers
What is verbal behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered verbal behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four verbal operants focused on in early intervention?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an echoic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a mand?
Signup and view all the answers
What is HIPAA?
Signup and view all the answers
What does research tell us about the mand repertoire?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some strategies for mand training?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a tact?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an intraverbal?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between 'pure' and 'impure'?
Signup and view all the answers
In mand training, what is the difference between 'capture' and 'contrive'?
Signup and view all the answers
Define dual relationship.
Signup and view all the answers
Why are dual relationships a problem?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the 3 domains of ASD?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some red flags a child may be at risk for ASD? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the fundamental principle of ABA.
Signup and view all the answers
What two components does a comprehensive ABA treatment program include?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the 3 levels of BACB certification?
Signup and view all the answers
Who consists of the ABA treatment team?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the roles/responsibilities of an RBT?
Signup and view all the answers
What activities do most therapy sessions include?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of formats that learning activities are performed in?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a BT collect data on?
Signup and view all the answers
What are 3 instances where a BT should call the supervisor?
Signup and view all the answers
How can BT assist with parent training?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some behaviors more commonly observed in individuals with autism?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the ABC's of behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What information is included in the Skills Acquisition Plan?
Signup and view all the answers
Define positive and negative reinforcement.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the 4 functions of problem behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the importance of antecedent modifications.
Signup and view all the answers
Define extinction in behavior analysis.
Signup and view all the answers
What is an extinction burst?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain differential reinforcement.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three Differential Reinforcement procedures?
Signup and view all the answers
What components are included in the Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)?
Signup and view all the answers
What should you do if you observe behavior not in the BIP?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Safety Care curriculum designed for?
Signup and view all the answers
What behavioral instruction methods are incorporated into Safety Care?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three levels of Safety Care training?
Signup and view all the answers
Define satiation.
Signup and view all the answers
What is deprivation?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the three types of direct preference assessments.
Signup and view all the answers
What is pairing?
Signup and view all the answers
List 2 suggestions for effective pairing.
Signup and view all the answers
What is Discrete Trial Training?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the 3 components of a discrete trial?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important not to repeat the SD without giving a consequence?
Signup and view all the answers
What needs to be done before presenting the SD?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum amount of time that can elapse between the presentation of the SD and the response?
Signup and view all the answers
What two possible consequences follow a response?
Signup and view all the answers
When would reinforcement be given as a consequence?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two categories of reinforcers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a prompt and how is it used to promote learning?
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example of a stimulus prompt.
Signup and view all the answers
Provide an example of a response prompt.
Signup and view all the answers
How can you transfer stimulus control using prompt fading?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Errorless Learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the 4 steps of implementing Errorless Learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a transfer trial?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the Prompt Hierarchy from most intrusive to least intrusive prompts.
Signup and view all the answers
What error correction procedure should be used when a child responds incorrectly to a known skill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is discrimination training?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the two types of discrimination training and when they are used.
Signup and view all the answers
What does it mean to maximize discrimination?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Domains of ASD
- Three domains: Social Communication, Social Interaction, and Restrictive, Repetitive Patterns of Behavior.
Red Flags for ASD
- Lack of joyful expressions by 6 months.
- Delay in babbling by 9 months; no response to name.
- Absence of back-and-forth gestures by 12 months.
- No words by 16 months; no two-word phrases by 24 months.
- Loss of any speech, babbling, or social skills at any age.
- Unusual prosody in speech.
Fundamental Principle of ABA
- Applies learning principles to understand behavior-environment relations.
- Behaviors are modified by consequences that increase or decrease them.
Comprehensive ABA Treatment Program Components
- Behavior Reduction: Modify antecedents and consequences to decrease inappropriate behaviors.
- Skill Repertoire Building: Focus on increasing appropriate behaviors through techniques like Discrete Trial Training (DTT) and Natural Environment Training (NET).
BACB Certification Levels
- RBT: Registered Behavior Technician.
- BCABA: Board Certified Assistant Behavior Analyst.
- BCBA: Board Certified Behavior Analyst.
ABA Treatment Team
- Composed of Supervisors, RBTs, parents, caregivers, and other professionals (e.g., Speech and Occupational Therapists).
RBT Roles and Responsibilities
- Implement skill acquisition and behavior reduction plans.
- Collect data on skill acquisition and behavior management.
- Assist with specific assessments like preference assessments.
- Ensure client safety during sessions.
Role of BT in Assessments
- Provide insight on client skill sets.
- Facilitate behavior management during assessments.
- Carry out preference assessments.
Therapy Session Activities
- Preparation and cleanup.
- Building rapport with the client ("pairing").
- Conducting skill acquisition tasks.
- Managing behavior and collecting data.
Learning Activity Formats
- DTT: Formal instruction with structured repeating tasks.
- NET: Less formal, emphasizes natural settings and activities.
Data Collection by BT
- Track behavior reduction within the Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP).
- Monitor skill acquisition targets.
Supervisory Contact Instances
- Client illness affecting session attendance.
- Unexpected increase in problematic behaviors.
- Parent concerns or queries.
- Environmental changes impacting therapy.
- Client struggles with particular tasks.
Parental Training Assistance
- Model skills for parents; provide hands-on support.
- Teach skill acquisition and behavior management techniques.
- Offer positive feedback during behavior interventions.
Common Behaviors in Autism
- Task avoidance and noncompliance.
- Tantrums and self-injurious behaviors (SIB).
- Aggressive behavior and stereotypy (e.g., hand flapping).
ABCs of Behavior
- Antecedent: Events preceding behavior.
- Behavior: Specific actions observed.
- Consequence: Responses following the behavior.
Skills Acquisition Plan Contents
- Detailed instructions, expected responses, targeted skills, and required materials.
Reinforcement Types
- Positive Reinforcement: Receiving desirable stimuli for correct responses.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removal of negative stimuli to increase behavior.
Functions of Problem Behavior
- Attention-seeking: Gaining others’ attention through behavior.
- Tangible gains: Acquiring items or activities.
- Escape/Avoidance: Avoiding unpleasant tasks.
- Automatic reinforcement: Sensory stimulation without social mediation.
Antecedent vs. Acquisition
- Antecedent: Events occurring before behavior.
- Acquisition: Learning or development of a new skill.
Examples of Antecedent Modifications
- Task modifications allow choice in order of tasks.
- Demand fading reduces task requirements.
- Noncontingent reinforcement gives free access to reinforcers.
- Functional Communication Training enables children to request items appropriately.
Extinction Definition
- Breaking the link between behavior and consequence by withdrawing reinforcement.
Extinction Burst
- Temporary increase in problematic behavior following the implementation of extinction.
Differential Reinforcement Explanation
- Reinforcing some behaviors while not reinforcing others to encourage desired actions and reduce undesired ones.
Differential Reinforcement Procedures
- Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA).
- Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO).
- Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI).
Behavior Intervention Plan Components
- Operational behavior definitions, hypothesized functions, antecedent modifications, replacement behaviors, consequence modifications, and data measurement methods.
Observing Non-BIP Behaviors
- Record ABC data and inform the supervisor immediately.
Safety Care Curriculum Purpose
- Provides skills and strategies for safely managing disruptive or dangerous behavior.
Behavioral Instruction Methods in Safety Care
- Errorless learning, task analysis, and role-playing.
Levels of Safety Care Training
- Level 1: Introduction
- Level 2: Specialist
- Level 3: Trainer
Concepts of Satiation and Deprivation
- Satiation: Consuming reinforcers decreases their effectiveness temporarily.
- Deprivation: Withholding reinforcers increases their effectiveness.
Direct Preference Assessments Types
- MSWO: Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement.
- MSW: Multiple Stimulus With Replacement.
- Paired Choice: Presenting stimuli in pairs for selection.
Concept of Pairing
- Conditioning a neutral stimulus into a reinforcing one through association.
Suggestions for Effective Pairing
- Identify reinforcing items and keep them accessible.
- Provide "freebies" and maximize interaction with reinforcers.
Discrete Trial Training Explanation
- 1:1 instruction using ABA principles for structured learning with clear start and end points.
Discrete Trial Components
- Discriminative Stimulus (SD), Response, Consequence.
Importance of SD and Consequence
- Ensures consistent responses from learners, reinforcing expected interactions.
Time Limit for Response Post-SD
- Maximum of 3 seconds allowed for response.
Consequences for Responses
- Can be a correct or incorrect response, with immediate reinforcement for correct actions.
Types of Reinforcers
- Unconditioned: Primary (e.g., food).
- Conditioned: Secondary (e.g., praise, toys).
Prompts in Learning
- Supplemental stimuli used to guide desired responses, aiding in correct answers.
Examples of Prompt Types
- Stimulus prompt: Visual aids that lead a child to the correct answer.
- Response prompt: Verbal guidance to elicit the right response.
Transfer of Control through Prompt Fading
- Gradually reducing prompts allows the learner to respond independently.
Errorless Learning Definition
- A method providing immediate prompts to minimize mistakes in learning.
Steps of Errorless Learning Implementation
- Cold Probe for skill verification.
- Prompting correct responses, using increasingly intrusive methods if needed.
- Reinforcement for correct answers, especially for unprompted trials.
Definition of Transfer Trial
- Transitioning from prompted responses to independent responses.
Prompt Hierarchy
- Example order: Physical, partial physical, verbal, gesture, model.
Error Correction Procedure for Incorrect Responses
- Apply no-no-prompt-repeat strategy; revert to least intrusive prompt post-error.
Discrimination Training Definition
- Teaching learners to differentiate between stimuli.
Types of Discrimination Training
- Successive Discrimination: Alternating positive and negative stimuli without a field.
- Simultaneous Discrimination: Client responds to stimuli within a presented field.
Maximizing Discrimination Approach
- Selecting targets thoughtfully to clarify learning for the learner.
Examples of Maximizing Discrimination
- Avoiding auditory or visual similarities in target stimuli.
Shaping Definition
- Gradually reinforcing closer approximations toward a target behavior while reducing previous ones.
Example of Shaping
- Teaching the sound "b" by reinforcing successive attempts.
Types of Chaining
- Forward chaining, backward chaining, total task presentation.
Purpose of Chaining
- Combining simple behaviors into complex sequences.
Definition of Natural Environment Training (NET)
- Employs ABA techniques in natural settings to enhance learning.
Advantages of NET
- Increased motivation, spontaneous generalization, lower negative behaviors, and natural verbal interaction.
Differences Between NET and DTT
- DTT: Structured with many trials; NET: Focused on functional, learner-driven interactions.### Indirect Prompting Strategies in NET
- Indirect prompting strategies enhance communication and learning.
- Examples include rephrasing questions, asking leading or scaffolding questions, and relating situations to past events.
- Visual representations and yes/no questions or choosing responses can also be used to prompt effectively.
Maintenance vs. Generalization
- Maintenance refers to consistently performing a learned response over time.
- Generalization involves applying learned skills beyond the direct teaching context to varied situations.
Domains for Generalization
- Generalization should occur across people, ensuring the skill is used with various trainers.
- Skills should transfer across settings, such as at home, school, or in the community.
- Generalization also applies to stimuli, meaning the skill should be utilized with different materials or cues.
Strategies for Promoting Generalization
- Utilize multiple examples during teaching to enhance applicability.
- Incorporate different instructors to reinforce skills.
- Provide flexible instructions to adapt to various contexts.
- Focus on "functional" behaviors to increase real-world usefulness.
Guidelines for Accurate Data Collection
- Record data immediately post-behavior occurrence to ensure accuracy.
- Maintain completeness and detail, including all pertinent information about the behavior.
Daily Notes in Catalyst
- The Daily Notes section serves as a reminder area for personal notes, updates for other staff, or supervisors, and can include behavior updates or questions.
Accessing Meeting Notes in Catalyst
- Team meeting and overlap notes can be found under the documents tab in the main menu of Catalyst.
Correcting Errors in Catalyst
- To amend data, click the red arrow to delete the entered information. In some instances, notify a supervisor if corrections are needed.
ABC Data Collection in Catalyst
- Collect ABC data in the designated update program, selecting behaviors and providing detailed documentation regarding the behavior.
Partial Interval Recording
- Record whether a behavior occurred at any time during a set interval.
- Use observation time divided by interval length to establish intervals.
Momentary Time Sampling
- Determine if a behavior occurs specifically at the end of predetermined intervals.
Examples of Permanent Product Data
- Common examples include completed worksheets, homework assignments, written compositions, and art projects.
Elements of a Line Graph
- Essential elements include x-axis and y-axis, axis labels, legend, data points, condition labels, and condition change lines.
Indicating Breaks in Data
- To signify an absence of data, disconnect data points with a line and indicate the break with an axis break symbol.
Definition of Abuse
- Abuse varies by state; includes physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect (failure to provide basic needs).
Common Signs of Abuse
- Physical indicators include unexplained injuries or behavioral changes such as returning to earlier behaviors or changes in appetite/sleep.
- Behavioral changes may also include fear of certain people or places, inappropriate sexual behavior, and poor hygiene.
Mandated Reporter Qualifications
- RBTs and individuals working with vulnerable populations are legally bound to report suspected abuse or neglect.
Reporting Abuse Procedures
- Abuse should be reported promptly to local agencies, with immediate supervisor notification within specified timeframes for verbal and written reports.
Treating Clients with Dignity
- Respect client choice, personal space, and privacy, particularly concerning personal care.
Private Health Information under HIPAA
- Private information includes health details, identification data (e.g., name, address, social security number), and medical records.
Acceptable Breaches of Confidentiality
- Breaches are permissible in cases involving abuse, neglect, or risks of suicide/homicide.
Maintaining Client Confidentiality
- Use acronyms, initials, and avoid displaying identifying information when transporting documents to uphold confidentiality.
Verbal Behavior (VB)
- An ABA approach to teaching language grounded in B.F. Skinner's principles, focusing on behavior as communication functioning in social contexts.
Types of Verbal Behavior
- Verbal behavior encompasses any communication governed by another person's response, differentiating between verbal and vocal behavior.
Four Verbal Operants in Early Intervention
- Key operants are echoics, mands, tacts, and intraverbals, foundational in language learning.
Echoics
- Echoics are verbal responses that mirror heard stimuli, reinforcing speech through repetition.
Mands
- Mands function as specific requests driven by motivation, leading to a direct benefit for the speaker.
HIPAA Overview
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ensures the protection of private health information.
Research Insights on Mand Repertoire
- Children learn language more rapidly through mand training, which also diminishes inappropriate mands and supports learning other verbal operants.
Strategies for Mand Training
- Techniques include manipulating the environment to create opportunities for requests, delaying access to preferred items, and controlling reinforcer delivery.
Tacts
- Tact training involves providing information about the environment, enhancing descriptive language skills.
Intraverbals
- Intraverbals involve responding verbally to prompts with related but non-matching responses, enabling discussions about absent objects or personal experiences.
Pure vs. Impure Tacts
- Pure tacts occur without prompts, while impure tacts involve guided responses for labeling objects.
Capture vs. Contrive in Mand Training
- Capturing involves using naturally occurring moments to prompt requests, whereas contriving refers to intentionally creating situations to target specific verbal behaviors.
Dual Relationship Definition
- Dual relationships refer to non-therapeutic connections, such as romantic or financial interactions, between a practitioner and client.
Issues with Dual Relationships
- Such relationships can jeopardize confidentiality, trust, and objectivity, complicating the therapeutic process and feedback dynamics.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on the key concepts related to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) for RBT study preparation. It includes information about the three domains of ASD and the red flags that may indicate risk. Enhance your knowledge and readiness for the RBT exam with these important definitions.