Attention in Space and Time
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Attention in Space and Time

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Questions and Answers

What is meant by the term 'pop-out' in visual search tasks?

  • A target that is detected immediately without searching (correct)
  • A target that can only be identified using serial search
  • A target that blends in with distractors
  • A target that requires focused attention to identify

    • Under which condition is serial search most likely to occur?

  • When there are only a few items to search through
  • When the target is visually distinct from all distractors
  • When targets require feature binding (correct)
  • When targets are defined by unique colors

    • What does Feature Integration Theory suggest about focused attention?

  • It binds various features into perceptual compounds. (correct)
  • It enables automatic detection of all stimuli.
  • It decreases the likelihood of illusory conjunctions.
  • It is necessary for detecting feature targets.

    • What is the significance of the attentional blink?

    <p>It reveals limitations in processing consecutive visual stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes parallel search?

    <p>Has response time that is unaffected by set size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of conjunction targets in visual search?

    <p>They require focused attention to bind features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a linear increase in response time with set size indicate in visual search?

    <p>The search process is serial and requires attention on each item.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Wolfe's Guided Search Theory address the shortcomings of Feature Integration Theory?

    <p>It introduces a systematic approach to managing search resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does automaticity refer to in the context of visual attention?

    <p>The ability to process information without conscious thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Stroop effect tell us about focused attention?

    <p>It shows that automatic responses can interfere with attentional control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does display size have on visual search performance in divided attention tasks?

    <p>Performance declines with increasing display sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the failure of focused attention in the Stroop effect?

    <p>Fast and involuntary word reading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Stroop effect, which scenario results in the fastest reaction time?

    <p>Naming the color of a congruent word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of automatic processing in the context of focused attention?

    <p>Involuntary reading of written words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of word reading contributes to the Stroop effect?

    <p>Word reading occurs before color naming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the asymmetry observed in the Stroop effect?

    <p>Word naming does not interfere with color identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing is required for color naming compared to word reading in the Stroop effect?

    <p>Slow and controlled for color naming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Stroop effect primarily illustrate about attention?

    <p>It shows the challenges in focusing on a single task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the relationship between the speed of word reading and the control required in color naming?

    <p>Word reading is fast and automatic, while color naming is slow and controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the increase in reaction time with incongruent stimuli in the Stroop effect indicate?

    <p>Greater difficulty in managing dual tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the criteria for automaticity in learned S-R associations?

    <p>Fast, parallel, and effortless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task demonstrated the ability of skilled pianists to perform multiple tasks simultaneously?

    <p>Dichotic-listening task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Shiffrin & Schneider's study, what condition allowed performance to become automatic with practice?

    <p>Consistent mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to target processing under variable mapping according to Shiffrin & Schneider's findings?

    <p>It never becomes automatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for automaticity to develop in consistent mapping conditions?

    <p>Consistency of target set membership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Eriksen Flanker Task?

    <p>Central character identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does performance under consistent mapping relate to memory set size?

    <p>Becomes independent of memory set size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the subjective experience of automatic processing during consistent mapping?

    <p>Subjectively effortless and spontaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of not having consistent target sets in processing tasks?

    <p>Failure to achieve automaticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are critical in determining the efficiency of visual search according to Guided Search Theory?

    <p>Similarity of the target and distractors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes the process of skill acquisition?

    <p>Is a gradual and consistent practice over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the concept of 'pop out' in visual search?

    <p>Pop out can be influenced by high-level properties of objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Guided Search 2.0 introduce in terms of search control?

    <p>Control guided by a salience-based priority map</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Wolfe's research suggest about the nature of search slopes in visual tasks?

    <p>Search slopes vary widely and can be viewed on a continuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Guided Search Theory, what is the result of having similar targets and distractors?

    <p>A large candidate list leading to inefficient searching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does later versions of Guided Search, such as Guided Search 6.0, differ from earlier versions?

    <p>Investigation of attention guidance rules through meaningful context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of search responses is commonly observed in visual search tasks?

    <p>An intermediate pattern with no clear evidence of serial or parallel search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the initial stage in Guided Search Theory?

    <p>It provides a candidate list of possible targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of stimuli does the priority map in Guided Search 2.0 consider?

    <p>The salience of visual features, like brightness and uniqueness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome does the Guided Search Theory predict when the target and distractors are dissimilar?

    <p>A smaller candidate list that allows for an efficient search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attention in Space and Time

    • Visual search - a laboratory analogue of a cheetah hunting in the savannah - scientists can manipulate the complexity of the search by varying the number of items in a display.
    • Mean response time (RT) is measured as a function of display size.
    • Early visual search experiments often used letters as stimuli because they are easy to program and quantify the similarities by the number of features in common.
    • Pop-out targets - these are stimuli that "stand out" and show little or no change in search times (RT) with set size.
    • Non-pop-out targets - these stimuli do not "stand out" and display large changes in search times as the display size increases.
    • Unique colours and orientations both pop out.
    • Parallel search - the contents of each display location are compared with a mental representation of the target at the same time.
    • Conjunction targets do not “pop out” - these targets are defined by a combination of features, for example, colour and orientation.
    • Serial search - involves focusing attention on each item in turn until the target is found.
    • Feature Integration Theory (FIT) - attention plays a key role in binding features into perceptual compounds.
    • FIT Explanation of Parallel and Serial Search - Conjunction targets require feature binding, so need focused attention – leads to serial search. Feature targets don’t require feature binding, don’t need focused attention – leads to parallel search.
    • Weakness of FIT - pop-out sometimes depends on complex object properties, not just simple features. This suggests that pop-out is not just a simple feature-based phenomenon but can occur at a higher-level of perception.
    • Guided Search Theory (Wolfe, 1989) - a two-stage theory that suggests an initial parallel stage provides a candidate list of possible targets, and then a second serial stage checks the candidate list for targets.

    Stroop Effect

    • The Stroop Effect - participants asked to name the ink colour of a word that is a colour name (e.g., the word “red” printed in blue ink).
    • Stroop effect reaction times are fastest for compatible conditions, slower for neutral, and slowest for incompatible conditions.
    • Stroop Effect Explanation - word reading is fast and involuntary, thus interference occurs when the word name is available before the colour can be processed.
    • Automaticity - developed by learned S-R associations (stimulus-response).

    Failures of Focused Attention

    • Controlled and Automatic Processing - Shiffrin & Schneider (1977) - experiment investigated search for digit targets in arrays of distractor letters in rapid sequences.
    • Controlled and Automatic Processing - performance becomes automatic with practice, and becomes independent of memory set and display size under the condition of a Consistent Mapping (CM) condition.
    • Controlled and Automatic Processing - automaticity does not occur under a Varied Mapping (VM) condition.
    • Eriksen Flanker Task - participants are asked to identify the central character in a sequence of characters.
    • Eriksen Flanker Task - incompatible flankers cause a decrease in performance - evidence of the limitations of focused attention.
    • Attentional Blink - when shown two targets (T1 and T2) in rapid succession (~250 ms), individuals have a much more difficult time detecting the second target if it appears between ~150 and ~450 ms after the first target.
    • Attentional Blink Experiment - explanations include: (1) T1 uses up some attentional resource, making it hard to see T2. (2) a "blanking" of conscious awareness that lasts 150-450 ms. (3) T2 is processed but forgotten.

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    Related Documents

    Attention in Space and Time (Visual Search and the Effects of Distractors) PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating dynamics of visual search in this quiz focused on attention in space and time. Delve into concepts like pop-out targets, mean response time, and the differences between parallel and conjunction searches. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how we perceive and process visual information.

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