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Questions and Answers
What is meant by the term 'pop-out' in visual search tasks?
Under which condition is serial search most likely to occur?
What does Feature Integration Theory suggest about focused attention?
What is the significance of the attentional blink?
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Which of these describes parallel search?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of conjunction targets in visual search?
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What does a linear increase in response time with set size indicate in visual search?
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How does Wolfe's Guided Search Theory address the shortcomings of Feature Integration Theory?
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What does automaticity refer to in the context of visual attention?
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What does the Stroop effect tell us about focused attention?
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What effect does display size have on visual search performance in divided attention tasks?
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What is primarily responsible for the failure of focused attention in the Stroop effect?
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In the Stroop effect, which scenario results in the fastest reaction time?
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What is an example of automatic processing in the context of focused attention?
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What characteristic of word reading contributes to the Stroop effect?
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Which statement best describes the asymmetry observed in the Stroop effect?
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What type of processing is required for color naming compared to word reading in the Stroop effect?
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What does the Stroop effect primarily illustrate about attention?
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What best describes the relationship between the speed of word reading and the control required in color naming?
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What does the increase in reaction time with incongruent stimuli in the Stroop effect indicate?
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What are the criteria for automaticity in learned S-R associations?
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Which task demonstrated the ability of skilled pianists to perform multiple tasks simultaneously?
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In Shiffrin & Schneider's study, what condition allowed performance to become automatic with practice?
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What happens to target processing under variable mapping according to Shiffrin & Schneider's findings?
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What is required for automaticity to develop in consistent mapping conditions?
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What was the primary focus of the Eriksen Flanker Task?
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How does performance under consistent mapping relate to memory set size?
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What describes the subjective experience of automatic processing during consistent mapping?
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What is the outcome of not having consistent target sets in processing tasks?
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Which factors are critical in determining the efficiency of visual search according to Guided Search Theory?
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Which of the following best characterizes the process of skill acquisition?
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Which statement best describes the concept of 'pop out' in visual search?
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What does Guided Search 2.0 introduce in terms of search control?
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What does Wolfe's research suggest about the nature of search slopes in visual tasks?
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In Guided Search Theory, what is the result of having similar targets and distractors?
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How does later versions of Guided Search, such as Guided Search 6.0, differ from earlier versions?
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What pattern of search responses is commonly observed in visual search tasks?
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What is a key feature of the initial stage in Guided Search Theory?
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What aspect of stimuli does the priority map in Guided Search 2.0 consider?
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What outcome does the Guided Search Theory predict when the target and distractors are dissimilar?
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Study Notes
Attention in Space and Time
- Visual search - a laboratory analogue of a cheetah hunting in the savannah - scientists can manipulate the complexity of the search by varying the number of items in a display.
- Mean response time (RT) is measured as a function of display size.
- Early visual search experiments often used letters as stimuli because they are easy to program and quantify the similarities by the number of features in common.
- Pop-out targets - these are stimuli that "stand out" and show little or no change in search times (RT) with set size.
- Non-pop-out targets - these stimuli do not "stand out" and display large changes in search times as the display size increases.
- Unique colours and orientations both pop out.
- Parallel search - the contents of each display location are compared with a mental representation of the target at the same time.
- Conjunction targets do not “pop out” - these targets are defined by a combination of features, for example, colour and orientation.
- Serial search - involves focusing attention on each item in turn until the target is found.
- Feature Integration Theory (FIT) - attention plays a key role in binding features into perceptual compounds.
- FIT Explanation of Parallel and Serial Search - Conjunction targets require feature binding, so need focused attention – leads to serial search. Feature targets don’t require feature binding, don’t need focused attention – leads to parallel search.
- Weakness of FIT - pop-out sometimes depends on complex object properties, not just simple features. This suggests that pop-out is not just a simple feature-based phenomenon but can occur at a higher-level of perception.
- Guided Search Theory (Wolfe, 1989) - a two-stage theory that suggests an initial parallel stage provides a candidate list of possible targets, and then a second serial stage checks the candidate list for targets.
Stroop Effect
- The Stroop Effect - participants asked to name the ink colour of a word that is a colour name (e.g., the word “red” printed in blue ink).
- Stroop effect reaction times are fastest for compatible conditions, slower for neutral, and slowest for incompatible conditions.
- Stroop Effect Explanation - word reading is fast and involuntary, thus interference occurs when the word name is available before the colour can be processed.
- Automaticity - developed by learned S-R associations (stimulus-response).
Failures of Focused Attention
- Controlled and Automatic Processing - Shiffrin & Schneider (1977) - experiment investigated search for digit targets in arrays of distractor letters in rapid sequences.
- Controlled and Automatic Processing - performance becomes automatic with practice, and becomes independent of memory set and display size under the condition of a Consistent Mapping (CM) condition.
- Controlled and Automatic Processing - automaticity does not occur under a Varied Mapping (VM) condition.
- Eriksen Flanker Task - participants are asked to identify the central character in a sequence of characters.
- Eriksen Flanker Task - incompatible flankers cause a decrease in performance - evidence of the limitations of focused attention.
- Attentional Blink - when shown two targets (T1 and T2) in rapid succession (~250 ms), individuals have a much more difficult time detecting the second target if it appears between ~150 and ~450 ms after the first target.
- Attentional Blink Experiment - explanations include: (1) T1 uses up some attentional resource, making it hard to see T2. (2) a "blanking" of conscious awareness that lasts 150-450 ms. (3) T2 is processed but forgotten.
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Description
Explore the fascinating dynamics of visual search in this quiz focused on attention in space and time. Delve into concepts like pop-out targets, mean response time, and the differences between parallel and conjunction searches. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how we perceive and process visual information.