Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Overview

Study Notes

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting individuals across their lifespan.
It is characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
These patterns negatively impact academic performance, social interactions, and overall well-being.
ADHD is influenced by a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors.
Individuals with ADHD may have a higher likelihood of having the disorder if the family member also has the disorder.
It has also been associated with differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas related to attention, impulse control, and executive functions.
Environmental factors such as maternal smoking, exposure to environmental toxins, and prenatal substance exposure may increase the risk of ADHD.
The understanding of ADHD has undergone changes over time, with historical perspectives on the condition experiencing various shifts.
In the early twentieth century, ADHD was often attributed to a lack of moral integrity or poor self-control.
The term "ADHD" was changed to be more behaviorally descriptive as it became clear that brain injury was not the primary cause of ADHD.
In 1968, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses (DSM) was updated to reflect the alteration, and the new name for the illness was Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood Disorder.
In 1987, the DSM revised the terminology and replaced it with Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) and ADHD. ADD referred to children with inattentive symptoms without hyperactivity, and ADHD referred to the type with hyperactivity.
Since the 1990s, there has been an increased recognition of ADHD as a legitimate neurodevelopmental disorder.
Further changes were made to the diagnostic criteria, and three types of ADHD were introduced: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and a combined type.
In the current edition of the DSM, these types were eliminated, and ADHD is now classified as a single disorder with different presentations of symptoms.
The DSM and the International Classification of Diseases version 11 (ICD-11) are the two commonly used handbooks for diagnosing mental illnesses and contain the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.
In order to establish a diagnosis of ADHD, individuals must show symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and/or inattention that align with the diagnostic criteria outlined in the DSM or ICD-11.
Symptoms of ADHD must be frequent, occur in at least two settings, and have persisted for at least six months.
Several symptoms of ADHD must have been present before the age of twelve, and negatively impact their social or academic functioning.
ACEs can have a significant effect on the development of the brain that involves attention, impulse control, and emotional regulation – all symptoms of ADHD.
Children are more likely to have ADHD, in addition to other issues, if they have experienced ACEs.
The medical model is a key component of the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of ADHD. It emphasizes the role of biological factors, such as genetics and neurochemical imbalances in the diagnosis of ADHD.
The social model of ADHD emphasizes the social and environmental factors that contribute to the symptoms, recognizing that individuals with ADHD face challenges due to social expectations, educational settings, and social situations.
The diagnosis of ADHD may be viewed as an infringement on a child's self-expression and identity, impacting their ability to learn and understand things.
ADHD traits, such as high energy levels, creativity, and attention-seeking, can be assets in the right context, and emphasize the need for a supportive and inclusive environment.
Medication can be effective in managing the symptoms for some children.
Medication can help children improve their ability to focus, concentrate, and control impulsive behavior, thus leading to better academic achievement and social interactions.
There are many side effects from ADHD medication, such as decreased appetite, trouble sleeping, irritability, and headaches.
Medication is often used as a first-line treatment without exploring alternative interventions.
Therapy such as behavioral therapy, parent classes, and educational accommodations can be effective in managing ADHD symptoms.