Attachment Theories in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

50 % ______, suggesting mothers work more.

B

36 % ______ suggests mothers work more.

A

External ______, refers to the generalizability of the findings.

validity

Most observations occur in ______ environments.

<p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neutral ______ results in no response from the caregiver.

<p>stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluation helps predict ______ in psychological studies.

<p>attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cross-cultural research aims to ensure the same ______ among researchers.

<p>background</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unconditioned response is often related to ______ pleasures.

<p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

The role of the ______ in caregiver-infant interaction is significant.

<p>father</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby's theory emphasizes the ______ emotional bond in attachment.

<p>reciprocal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby's monotropic theory rejected the ______ learning approach.

<p>learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ainsworth's work included the ______ situation experiment.

<p>strange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both mother and father must ______ to create a strong attachment.

<p>bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, attachment is seen as an ______ process.

<p>evolutionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fathers are less likely to be the ______ responders in emotional interactions.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attachment theories focus on the emotional ______ between infants and caregivers.

<p>bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study assessed the effects of material __________ on children.

<p>deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The research involved 165 Romanian children adopted by families in the __________.

<p>UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

The researchers compared the adopted children to a control group of 52 children adopted from __________.

<p>UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

Half of the adopted children showed delayed __________ development.

<p>intellectual</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of the adopted children were __________.

<p>undernourished</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mean IQ of children adopted before the age of two years was __________.

<p>102</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who experienced _________ often face challenges in forming attachments.

<p>privation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study highlighted both physical and __________ development in the adopted children.

<p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hunger is considered a primary ______ that drives behavior.

<p>motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imprinting is an innate ______ observed in some species.

<p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Sears et al. (1957), a caregiver provides ______ to their child.

<p>attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insecure attachment can result in difficulty in forming ______ in childhood.

<p>relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peacocks have been known to ______ on various objects during their development.

<p>imprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

Food is a primary ______ of hunger that influences behavior.

<p>source</p> Signup and view all the answers

The impact of childhood relationships can carry over into ______.

<p>adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social workers often evaluate the ______ of relationships among different age groups.

<p>dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory of ______ involves observing key attachments.

<p>attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schaffer & Emerson conducted their research in ______.

<p>1964</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ observation method is used to measure attachment security.

<p>controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a parent smiles, a child typically ______ back.

<p>smiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 18 months, approximately ______% of infants have formed attachments.

<p>75</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'proximity seeking' refers to the tendency to ______ close to attachment figures.

<p>stay</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinctive roles for ______ have been highlighted in attachment research.

<p>fathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stranger ______ and separation anxiety are important indicators of attachment.

<p>anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attachment provides a secure ______ for exploration.

<p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parents can learn cues from children to enhance ______.

<p>attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

The emotional bonds formed through attachment are crucial for ______ development.

<p>survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates that attachment can lead to different ______ roles.

<p>caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mothers often take on a primary attachment ______.

<p>role</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ camera is used in attachment studies to observe behaviors.

<p>mirror</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the caregiver for a child's ______.

<p>development</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept that a theory may work in one cultural context but not in another is known as cultural ______.

<p>etic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of learning from the consequences of behavior is called ______ conditioning.

<p>operant</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Germany, there is often a perception that mothers may lack ______ towards their children.

<p>affection</p> Signup and view all the answers

The likelihood of repeating behavior increases with pleasant ______.

<p>consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unpleasant consequences are likely to lead to less frequent ______.

<p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

The influence of early attachment on later ______ is significant in developmental psychology.

<p>relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imprinting is a form of learning observed in some species, demonstrated by ______ in baby birds.

<p>Lorenz</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowbly, the model of attachment influences how children respond when they are ______.

<p>distressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bowbly's research emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences during ______ development.

<p>psychosocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baby cries can lead to feeding, demonstrating the concept of ______ response.

<p>reinforced</p> Signup and view all the answers

In opreant conditioning, a behavior is more likely to repeat if it results in a ______ outcome.

<p>pleasant</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study of animal behavior, the consequences of ______ are important for understanding learning.

<p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lack of affection in parenting styles may be perceived differently across ______.

<p>cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

The imprinting process involves young animals forming attachments to the first ______ they encounter.

<p>object</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory of attachment was proposed by ______, who studied the bonds between caregivers and children.

<p>Bowlby</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

External Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings, populations, and times.

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.

Unconditioned Response

A response that is naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response.

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Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.

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Caregiver-Infant Attachment

The strong emotional connection between a caregiver and an infant, built on mutual love, trust, and responsiveness.

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Bowlby's Monotropic Theory

A theory suggesting infants are biologically programmed to form attachments for survival. Children seek out the person who responds to their needs, creating a safe haven.

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Reciprocal Attachment

Attachment is a two-way street; both the caregiver and the infant actively participate in building the bond.

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Attachment to Father

While mothers often take on primary caregiving roles, fathers are equally capable of forming secure attachments.

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Ainsworth's Strange Situation

A research method designed to assess the security of a child's attachment to their caregiver by observing their reactions to separation and reunion.

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Rejection of Learning Theories

The idea that learning through rewards and punishments is not the primary driver of attachment; it's an innate, biological need for security and safety.

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Evolutionary Basis of Attachment

A proposed evolutionary basis for attachment, where infants' survival is linked to their need for caregivers' protection and support.

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Types of Attachment

Different attachment styles, such as secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant, and disorganized, reflect the quality of the caregiver-infant bond.

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Attachment

A strong emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver, characterized by seeking proximity, distress at separation, and feeling safe when in the caregiver's presence.

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Schaffer & Emerson's Study (1964)

A study by Schaffer and Emerson (1964) that investigated the development of attachment in infants, observing patterns of attachment behavior between infants and their caregivers.

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Separation Anxiety

The tendency of infants to become distressed when separated from their primary caregiver.

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Stranger Anxiety

The tendency of infants to become distressed when approached by an unfamiliar person.

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Primary Caregiver

The primary caregiver who forms the strongest attachment bond with the infant.

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Learning Cues

The process by which infants learn to recognize and respond to the cues and signals of their primary caregiver.

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Father's Role in Attachment

The role played by fathers in attachment, which may differ from the mother's role but is equally important for the infant's well-being.

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Brazelton's Theory

Brazelton et al.'s theory emphasizes the importance of the infant's early interactions with the primary caregiver in shaping their attachment.

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Secure Base

A secure base is the feeling of safety and security provided by the primary caregiver, allowing the infant to explore their environment.

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Secure Attachment

A pattern of attachment where the infant shows distress upon separation from the caregiver, but is easily comforted upon reunion.

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Avoidant Attachment

A pattern of attachment where the infant shows distress upon separation from the caregiver but avoids seeking comfort upon reunion.

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Ambivalent Attachment

A pattern of attachment where the infant shows distressed upon separation from the caregiver and exhibits mixed emotions (seeking comfort and resistance) upon reunion.

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Disorganized Attachment

A pattern of attachment where the infant shows confused or disorganized behavior upon separation and reunion with the caregiver.

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Attachment Security

The ability to form strong, healthy, and secure attachments with others later in life, influenced by early attachment experiences.

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Pre-attachment

The initial stage of attachment development where infants show preference for human company and are responsive to caregivers.

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Attachment-in-the-making

The stage of attachment development where infants show a clear preference for their primary caregiver and exhibit separation anxiety when separated.

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Clear-cut attachment

The stage of attachment development where infants have a secure base from which to explore their environment and confidently return to their primary caregiver for comfort.

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Anxious-ambivalent attachment

A type of attachment characterized by a child's anxiousness and uncertainty about the caregiver's availability and responsiveness.

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Rutter et al. (2011) Romanian Orphan Study

A research study investigating the impact of early deprivation on Romanian children adopted into UK families. The study aimed to assess if good care could compensate for the negative effects of deprivation.

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Material Deprivation

The state of being deprived of basic necessities, such as adequate nutrition, healthcare, and emotional support, which can have significant negative consequences on a child's development.

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Procedure of the Romanian Orphan Study

The study involved 165 Romanian children adopted by UK families to assess the impact of early deprivation and if good care could compensate for its effects.

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Development Assessed in the Romanian Orphan Study

The study evaluated physical, emotional, and cognitive development in the adopted Romanian children, comparing them to a control group of children adopted from the UK.

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Findings of the Romanian Orphan Study

The Romanian children adopted before 6 months of age showed relatively normal development, while those adopted after 6 months showed varying degrees of developmental delays, particularly in cognitive function.

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IQ Scores of Adopted Romanians

The study found that the adopted Romanian children showed an average IQ score of 86, significantly lower than the control group's average of 102.

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Significance of the Romanian Orphan Study

The Romanian Orphan Study provides significant evidence for the importance of early care and attachment in a child's development. It highlights the potential for recovery but also emphasizes the lasting impact of early deprivation.

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Brain Plasticity and the Romanian Orphan Study

The Romanian Orphan Study demonstrates the plasticity of the developing brain, suggesting that early deprivation can have lasting effects, but with proper care, some recovery is possible.

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Etic Assumption

The assumption that ideas and practices that work in one cultural context will also work in another.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where an individual learns from the consequences of their behavior.

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Reinforcement

A pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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Punishment

An unpleasant consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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Influence of Early Attachment

The influence of early childhood experiences, particularly attachment relationships, on later development and relationships.

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Internal Working Model

An individual's internal model of how relationships work, based on early attachment experiences.

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Imprinting

A form of early learning where newborns quickly form a strong bond with their caregiver, typically within the first few hours of life.

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Habituation

A research method where infants are repeatedly presented with a stimulus until they become habituated to it, then a novel stimulus is introduced to observe their response.

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Lorenz's Imprinting Study

A study by Lorenz (1952) that demonstrated imprinting in goslings by exposing them to different stimuli shortly after hatching.

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Bowlby's Attachment Theory

A study by Bowlby (1969) that proposed that children's attachment styles are formed in early childhood and have a lasting impact on their development and relationships.

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Attachment Deprivation

A condition where a child is deprived of a secure and loving attachment, leading to problems in social, emotional, and cognitive development.

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Harlow's Monkey Studies

A study of infant monkeys by Harlow (1958) that demonstrated the importance of contact comfort and emotional security in attachment.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share another person's feelings and experiences.

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Emotional Regulation

The process of recognizing, understanding, and managing one's own emotions.

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Identity Formation

The development of a strong sense of self, including one's values, beliefs, and goals.

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Study Notes

Caregiver-Infant Interaction

  • Attachment is a reciprocal emotional bond.
  • Reciprocal bonding involves both caregiver and child.
  • Fathers can also form attachments.
  • Fathers are less likely to be the primary attachment figure.
  • Interaction synchrony is crucial; actions become synchronized.
  • Schaffer and Emerson (1964) research found that attachment often forms by 18 months.
  • The father plays a distinctive role, though differing from the mother's.
  • Brazelton et al. (1975) demonstrated interaction synchrony.
  • Sensitive responsiveness to a baby's needs correlates with stronger attachments.

Stages of Attachment

  • Schaffer and Emerson (1964) identified stages of attachment.
  • Stages involve a progression from asocial to selective attachment.
  • Asocial (0-6 weeks): Respond to all people equally.
  • Indiscriminate (6-7 months): Preference for familiar people.
  • Specific (7 months onwards): Attachment to one caregiver.
  • Multiple (10-11 months+): Attachments to multiple figures.
  • Observations are often in natural environments.
  • External validity is high, but internal validity is low.

Animal Studies

  • Lorenz (1952): Imprinting in geese.
  • Incubator geese imprinted on Lorenz; natural hatched geese followed their mother.
  • Imprinting is a rapid learning process, critical period for forming an attachment to a figure.

Bowlby's Theory

  • Bowlby's theory is an evolutionary one; attachment is innate.
  • Monotropy: Importance of one primary attachment figure.
  • Law of continuity: Consistent care leads to better quality attachments.
  • Law of accumulated separation: Effect of separations adds up.
  • Social releases: Cute behaviors to encourage adult interaction.
  • Internal working model: Mental representation of relationships.
  • Attachment behaviors give survival advantages.

Learning Theory

  • Classical conditioning; association of two stimuli.
  • Operant conditioning: Learning from consequences.

Types of Attachment

  • Ainsworth's Strange Situation: Observations of attachment types.
  • Secure attachment (B): Explores when caregiver is present and seeks comfort when not.
  • Insecure-avoidant (A): Explore freely without seeking proximity to caregiver.
  • Insecure-resistant (C): Explore less, seek greater proximity and resist comfort from caregiver.
  • Observations of attachment are often reliable.
  • Attachment types can vary across cultures.

Cultural Variations

  • Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988): Meta-analysis of attachment types worldwide.
  • Secure attachment most common globally.
  • Cultural variations in attachment are influenced by the cultural context.

Harlow's Research

  • Harlow (1958) studied attachment in monkeys with surrogate mothers.
  • Comfort is more important than food in forming attachments.
  • Monkeys separated from mothers displayed negative behaviors.

Influence on Later Relationships

  • Early attachment types predict later relationships.
  • Secure attachment is linked to positive adult relationships.
  • Insecure attachments may predict difficulties in relationships.
  • Retrospective data analysis challenges validity.

Maternal Deprivation

  • Maternal deprivation: Absence of a mother.
  • Separation vs. deprivation: Brief separation is less harmful than prolonged deprivation.
  • Critical periods for development; potential psychological damage if deprived of emotional care during critical periods.
  • Effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual and emotional development.
  • The 44 thieves study (Bowlby): Investigated the link between maternal deprivation and delinquency.

Romanian Orphan Studies

  • Rutter et al (2011): Longitudinal study of Romanian orphans adopted into UK.
  • Adoption before 6 months led to catch-up in development.
  • Disinhibited attachment: Attachment to all people.
  • Zeanah et al (2005): Assessed attachment in Romanian children institutionalised.
  • Disrupted attachment: Difficulties forming relationships with caregivers.
  • Important Real-world applications in improving services for children in orphanages.

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Attachment Theory PDF

Description

This quiz explores key concepts and theories related to attachment in psychology, focusing on Bowlby and Ainsworth's contributions. It includes important terms, methods, and implications of caregiver-infant interactions. Test your understanding of attachment processes and external validity in psychological research.

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