Podcast
Questions and Answers
50 % ______, suggesting mothers work more.
50 % ______, suggesting mothers work more.
B
36 % ______ suggests mothers work more.
36 % ______ suggests mothers work more.
A
External ______, refers to the generalizability of the findings.
External ______, refers to the generalizability of the findings.
validity
Most observations occur in ______ environments.
Most observations occur in ______ environments.
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A neutral ______ results in no response from the caregiver.
A neutral ______ results in no response from the caregiver.
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Evaluation helps predict ______ in psychological studies.
Evaluation helps predict ______ in psychological studies.
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Cross-cultural research aims to ensure the same ______ among researchers.
Cross-cultural research aims to ensure the same ______ among researchers.
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Unconditioned response is often related to ______ pleasures.
Unconditioned response is often related to ______ pleasures.
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The role of the ______ in caregiver-infant interaction is significant.
The role of the ______ in caregiver-infant interaction is significant.
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Bowlby's theory emphasizes the ______ emotional bond in attachment.
Bowlby's theory emphasizes the ______ emotional bond in attachment.
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Bowlby's monotropic theory rejected the ______ learning approach.
Bowlby's monotropic theory rejected the ______ learning approach.
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Ainsworth's work included the ______ situation experiment.
Ainsworth's work included the ______ situation experiment.
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Both mother and father must ______ to create a strong attachment.
Both mother and father must ______ to create a strong attachment.
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According to Bowlby, attachment is seen as an ______ process.
According to Bowlby, attachment is seen as an ______ process.
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Fathers are less likely to be the ______ responders in emotional interactions.
Fathers are less likely to be the ______ responders in emotional interactions.
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Attachment theories focus on the emotional ______ between infants and caregivers.
Attachment theories focus on the emotional ______ between infants and caregivers.
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The study assessed the effects of material __________ on children.
The study assessed the effects of material __________ on children.
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The research involved 165 Romanian children adopted by families in the __________.
The research involved 165 Romanian children adopted by families in the __________.
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The researchers compared the adopted children to a control group of 52 children adopted from __________.
The researchers compared the adopted children to a control group of 52 children adopted from __________.
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Half of the adopted children showed delayed __________ development.
Half of the adopted children showed delayed __________ development.
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The majority of the adopted children were __________.
The majority of the adopted children were __________.
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The mean IQ of children adopted before the age of two years was __________.
The mean IQ of children adopted before the age of two years was __________.
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Children who experienced _________ often face challenges in forming attachments.
Children who experienced _________ often face challenges in forming attachments.
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The study highlighted both physical and __________ development in the adopted children.
The study highlighted both physical and __________ development in the adopted children.
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Hunger is considered a primary ______ that drives behavior.
Hunger is considered a primary ______ that drives behavior.
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Imprinting is an innate ______ observed in some species.
Imprinting is an innate ______ observed in some species.
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According to Sears et al. (1957), a caregiver provides ______ to their child.
According to Sears et al. (1957), a caregiver provides ______ to their child.
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Insecure attachment can result in difficulty in forming ______ in childhood.
Insecure attachment can result in difficulty in forming ______ in childhood.
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Peacocks have been known to ______ on various objects during their development.
Peacocks have been known to ______ on various objects during their development.
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Food is a primary ______ of hunger that influences behavior.
Food is a primary ______ of hunger that influences behavior.
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The impact of childhood relationships can carry over into ______.
The impact of childhood relationships can carry over into ______.
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Social workers often evaluate the ______ of relationships among different age groups.
Social workers often evaluate the ______ of relationships among different age groups.
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The theory of ______ involves observing key attachments.
The theory of ______ involves observing key attachments.
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Schaffer & Emerson conducted their research in ______.
Schaffer & Emerson conducted their research in ______.
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The ______ observation method is used to measure attachment security.
The ______ observation method is used to measure attachment security.
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When a parent smiles, a child typically ______ back.
When a parent smiles, a child typically ______ back.
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By 18 months, approximately ______% of infants have formed attachments.
By 18 months, approximately ______% of infants have formed attachments.
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The phrase 'proximity seeking' refers to the tendency to ______ close to attachment figures.
The phrase 'proximity seeking' refers to the tendency to ______ close to attachment figures.
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Distinctive roles for ______ have been highlighted in attachment research.
Distinctive roles for ______ have been highlighted in attachment research.
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Stranger ______ and separation anxiety are important indicators of attachment.
Stranger ______ and separation anxiety are important indicators of attachment.
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Attachment provides a secure ______ for exploration.
Attachment provides a secure ______ for exploration.
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Parents can learn cues from children to enhance ______.
Parents can learn cues from children to enhance ______.
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The emotional bonds formed through attachment are crucial for ______ development.
The emotional bonds formed through attachment are crucial for ______ development.
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Research indicates that attachment can lead to different ______ roles.
Research indicates that attachment can lead to different ______ roles.
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Mothers often take on a primary attachment ______.
Mothers often take on a primary attachment ______.
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The ______ camera is used in attachment studies to observe behaviors.
The ______ camera is used in attachment studies to observe behaviors.
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Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the caregiver for a child's ______.
Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the caregiver for a child's ______.
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The concept that a theory may work in one cultural context but not in another is known as cultural ______.
The concept that a theory may work in one cultural context but not in another is known as cultural ______.
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The process of learning from the consequences of behavior is called ______ conditioning.
The process of learning from the consequences of behavior is called ______ conditioning.
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In Germany, there is often a perception that mothers may lack ______ towards their children.
In Germany, there is often a perception that mothers may lack ______ towards their children.
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The likelihood of repeating behavior increases with pleasant ______.
The likelihood of repeating behavior increases with pleasant ______.
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Unpleasant consequences are likely to lead to less frequent ______.
Unpleasant consequences are likely to lead to less frequent ______.
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The influence of early attachment on later ______ is significant in developmental psychology.
The influence of early attachment on later ______ is significant in developmental psychology.
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Imprinting is a form of learning observed in some species, demonstrated by ______ in baby birds.
Imprinting is a form of learning observed in some species, demonstrated by ______ in baby birds.
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According to Bowbly, the model of attachment influences how children respond when they are ______.
According to Bowbly, the model of attachment influences how children respond when they are ______.
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Bowbly's research emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences during ______ development.
Bowbly's research emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences during ______ development.
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Baby cries can lead to feeding, demonstrating the concept of ______ response.
Baby cries can lead to feeding, demonstrating the concept of ______ response.
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In opreant conditioning, a behavior is more likely to repeat if it results in a ______ outcome.
In opreant conditioning, a behavior is more likely to repeat if it results in a ______ outcome.
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In the study of animal behavior, the consequences of ______ are important for understanding learning.
In the study of animal behavior, the consequences of ______ are important for understanding learning.
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The lack of affection in parenting styles may be perceived differently across ______.
The lack of affection in parenting styles may be perceived differently across ______.
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The imprinting process involves young animals forming attachments to the first ______ they encounter.
The imprinting process involves young animals forming attachments to the first ______ they encounter.
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The theory of attachment was proposed by ______, who studied the bonds between caregivers and children.
The theory of attachment was proposed by ______, who studied the bonds between caregivers and children.
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Study Notes
Caregiver-Infant Interaction
- Attachment is a reciprocal emotional bond.
- Reciprocal bonding involves both caregiver and child.
- Fathers can also form attachments.
- Fathers are less likely to be the primary attachment figure.
- Interaction synchrony is crucial; actions become synchronized.
- Schaffer and Emerson (1964) research found that attachment often forms by 18 months.
- The father plays a distinctive role, though differing from the mother's.
- Brazelton et al. (1975) demonstrated interaction synchrony.
- Sensitive responsiveness to a baby's needs correlates with stronger attachments.
Stages of Attachment
- Schaffer and Emerson (1964) identified stages of attachment.
- Stages involve a progression from asocial to selective attachment.
- Asocial (0-6 weeks): Respond to all people equally.
- Indiscriminate (6-7 months): Preference for familiar people.
- Specific (7 months onwards): Attachment to one caregiver.
- Multiple (10-11 months+): Attachments to multiple figures.
- Observations are often in natural environments.
- External validity is high, but internal validity is low.
Animal Studies
- Lorenz (1952): Imprinting in geese.
- Incubator geese imprinted on Lorenz; natural hatched geese followed their mother.
- Imprinting is a rapid learning process, critical period for forming an attachment to a figure.
Bowlby's Theory
- Bowlby's theory is an evolutionary one; attachment is innate.
- Monotropy: Importance of one primary attachment figure.
- Law of continuity: Consistent care leads to better quality attachments.
- Law of accumulated separation: Effect of separations adds up.
- Social releases: Cute behaviors to encourage adult interaction.
- Internal working model: Mental representation of relationships.
- Attachment behaviors give survival advantages.
Learning Theory
- Classical conditioning; association of two stimuli.
- Operant conditioning: Learning from consequences.
Types of Attachment
- Ainsworth's Strange Situation: Observations of attachment types.
- Secure attachment (B): Explores when caregiver is present and seeks comfort when not.
- Insecure-avoidant (A): Explore freely without seeking proximity to caregiver.
- Insecure-resistant (C): Explore less, seek greater proximity and resist comfort from caregiver.
- Observations of attachment are often reliable.
- Attachment types can vary across cultures.
Cultural Variations
- Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988): Meta-analysis of attachment types worldwide.
- Secure attachment most common globally.
- Cultural variations in attachment are influenced by the cultural context.
Harlow's Research
- Harlow (1958) studied attachment in monkeys with surrogate mothers.
- Comfort is more important than food in forming attachments.
- Monkeys separated from mothers displayed negative behaviors.
Influence on Later Relationships
- Early attachment types predict later relationships.
- Secure attachment is linked to positive adult relationships.
- Insecure attachments may predict difficulties in relationships.
- Retrospective data analysis challenges validity.
Maternal Deprivation
- Maternal deprivation: Absence of a mother.
- Separation vs. deprivation: Brief separation is less harmful than prolonged deprivation.
- Critical periods for development; potential psychological damage if deprived of emotional care during critical periods.
- Effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual and emotional development.
- The 44 thieves study (Bowlby): Investigated the link between maternal deprivation and delinquency.
Romanian Orphan Studies
- Rutter et al (2011): Longitudinal study of Romanian orphans adopted into UK.
- Adoption before 6 months led to catch-up in development.
- Disinhibited attachment: Attachment to all people.
- Zeanah et al (2005): Assessed attachment in Romanian children institutionalised.
- Disrupted attachment: Difficulties forming relationships with caregivers.
- Important Real-world applications in improving services for children in orphanages.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts and theories related to attachment in psychology, focusing on Bowlby and Ainsworth's contributions. It includes important terms, methods, and implications of caregiver-infant interactions. Test your understanding of attachment processes and external validity in psychological research.
