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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of an intensive property?
Which of the following is an example of an intensive property?
A homogeneous mixture's components can be easily separated.
A homogeneous mixture's components can be easily separated.
False
What is the smallest unit of an element?
What is the smallest unit of an element?
atom
The resistance of a liquid to flow is known as ______.
The resistance of a liquid to flow is known as ______.
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Match the following scientists with their atomic model contribution:
Match the following scientists with their atomic model contribution:
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What is the molar mass of a Carbon Dioxide molecule $(CO_2)$? The atomic mass of Carbon is $12.011u$ and the atomic mass of Oxygen is $15.999u$.
What is the molar mass of a Carbon Dioxide molecule $(CO_2)$? The atomic mass of Carbon is $12.011u$ and the atomic mass of Oxygen is $15.999u$.
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Isotopes are elements with the same mass number, but a different atomic number.
Isotopes are elements with the same mass number, but a different atomic number.
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Biomolecules are composed of the elements CHON______.
Biomolecules are composed of the elements CHON______.
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Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock?
Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock?
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In the electromagnetic spectrum, as you move from radio waves to gamma rays, the wavelength increases.
In the electromagnetic spectrum, as you move from radio waves to gamma rays, the wavelength increases.
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What is the coldest layer of Earth's atmosphere?
What is the coldest layer of Earth's atmosphere?
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The era known as the 'Age of Fishes' is the ______ period.
The era known as the 'Age of Fishes' is the ______ period.
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Match the following rock types with their description:
Match the following rock types with their description:
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What is the primary characteristic of the Stratosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the Stratosphere?
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Climate refers to short-term atmospheric conditions.
Climate refers to short-term atmospheric conditions.
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What mnemonic is used to remember the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
What mnemonic is used to remember the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
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Which of the following best describes the main function of a cell membrane?
Which of the following best describes the main function of a cell membrane?
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Mitosis results in four genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis results in four genetically identical daughter cells.
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According to Chargaff's rule, adenine pairs with _______, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
According to Chargaff's rule, adenine pairs with _______, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
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Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic relationship?
Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic relationship?
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What is the process by which plants move water from their roots to their leaves called?
What is the process by which plants move water from their roots to their leaves called?
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Which of the following best defines a vector quantity?
Which of the following best defines a vector quantity?
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Match the following wave phenomena with their descriptions:
Match the following wave phenomena with their descriptions:
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What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
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In a series circuit, if one component is removed, the circuit remains complete.
In a series circuit, if one component is removed, the circuit remains complete.
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What is the term of a flower that has both male and female reproductive parts?
What is the term of a flower that has both male and female reproductive parts?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Theories
- Atom: The smallest unit of an element.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different mass numbers.
- Democritus (500 BC): Proposed that all matter is composed of indivisible particles.
- John Dalton (1803): Developed the "billiard ball" model of the atom.
- J.J. Thomson (1904): Proposed the "plum pudding" model, featuring a positively charged sphere with negatively charged particles embedded within.
- Ernest Rutherford (1911): Developed the nuclear model, placing positive charges in a nucleus.
- Niels Bohr (1913): Created the planetary model, describing electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed energy levels.
- Erwin Schrödinger (1926): Introduced the quantum model, depicting electrons as probability clouds (orbitals) rather than fixed paths.
Mixtures and Properties of Matter
- Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture where components can be visually distinguished and separated.
- Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture where components are uniformly distributed and cannot be easily separated.
- Physical Property: A characteristic that can be observed without changing the substance's composition (e.g., color, melting point, boiling point).
- Chemical Property: A characteristic that describes how a substance reacts with other substances (e.g., flammability).
- Intensive Property: A property that doesn't depend on the amount of substance (e.g., density, temperature, color).
- Extensive Property: A property that depends on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume, moles).
- Viscosity: A liquid's resistance to flow.
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry
- Mole: A unit representing 6.022 x 1023 elementary units of a substance .
- Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, typically expressed in grams per mole.
- Atomic Mass: The mass of an atom, used to calculate molar mass.
- Molecular Mass: The sum of atomic masses of atoms in a molecule, used to calculate molar mass.
Biomolecules and Cellular Processes
- Biomolecules: Essential molecules for life, typically containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHONPS).
- Cellular Respiration: The process where cells convert glucose into ATP (energy).
- Protein Synthesis: The function of ribosomes in cells.
- Cell Membrane: Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
- Mitochondria: The site of the Krebs cycle, often called the "powerhouse" of the cell.
- Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Cell division for non-reproductive cells, producing two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Cell division for reproductive cells (gametes), resulting in four daughter cells (haploid).
Plant Reproduction and Genetics
- Flower:
- Perfect: Possesses both male and female reproductive parts.
- Imperfect: Contains only one reproductive part (either male or female).
- Complete: Has all four floral parts (sepals, petals, pistil, stamens).
- Incomplete: Lacks one of the four floral parts.
- Mendelian Genetics:
- Allele: Different versions of a DNA sequence.
- Dominant Allele: Expressed trait even if only one copy is present.
- Recessive Allele: Only expressed if two copies are present.
- Law of Segregation: Each organism possesses two alleles for each gene, which segregate during meiosis.
Biological Relationships
- Predation: One organism hunts and kills another for food.
- Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of another.
- Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the interaction.
- Commensalism: One organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
Biological Processes and Mechanisms
- Transpiration: Movement of water from the roots to the leaves in plants.
- Neuron: The basic unit of the nervous system.
- Insulin: Hormone regulating blood glucose levels.
- DNA: Genetic material, storing hereditary information using nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).
- Chargaff's Rule: Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
Physics Concepts
- Scalar: A quantity described only by magnitude (e.g., distance, speed, mass).
- Vector: A quantity described by both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement, velocity, force).
- Momentum: The product of mass and velocity of an object.
- Archimedes' Principle: The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
- Thermodynamics: The study of heat and energy.
- Zeroth law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Second law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third law: As a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches a constant value.
- Coulomb's Law: Describes the electrostatic force between charged particles.
- Series Circuit: Components are connected in a single path.
- Parallel Circuit: Components are connected in branched pathways.
Wave Phenomena
- Waves: Disturbances that carry energy from one place to another.
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium to travel (e.g., sound waves).
- Longitudinal Waves: Disturbance is parallel to wave direction.
- Transverse Waves: Disturbance is perpendicular to wave direction.
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium; travel through empty space (e.g., light).
- Wave Phenomena:
- Reflection: Bouncing of a wave.
- Refraction: Bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another.
- Diffraction: Spreading of a wave as it passes through an opening or around an obstacle.
- Interference: Addition or subtraction of wave amplitudes when waves meet.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: A range of electromagnetic waves differing in frequency and wavelength. (Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared Light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and Gamma rays)
Rocks
- Igneous Rocks: Formed from cooled and solidified magma or lava.
- Intrusive: Formed beneath the Earth's surface (large crystals).
- Extrusive: Formed on the Earth's surface (small crystals).
- Metamorphic Rocks: Formed from existing rocks changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
- Foliated: Layered appearance due to pressure.
- Non-foliated: Lack layering.
- Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from accumulated sediments.
- Clastic: Formed from weathered debris.
- Chemical: Formed from dissolved minerals.
- Organic: Formed from plant or animal remains.
Earth Science
- Atmosphere: Layers surrounding the Earth.
- Troposphere: Lowest layer, containing weather.
- Stratosphere: Ozone layer.
- Mesosphere: Coldest layer.
- Thermosphere: Satellites orbit.
- Exosphere: Uppermost layer.
- Weather: Short-term atmospheric conditions.
- Climate: Long-term atmospheric conditions.
- Geological Time Scale: A record of Earth's history. (Include specific eons and periods if desired; too much to list briefly here).
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in atomic structure, including the historical development of atomic theories by various scientists such as Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Schrödinger. Additionally, it touches on the distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Test your understanding of these essential topics in chemistry!
