Chemistry Study Strategies and Concepts

Tips for Studying

• Take responsibility for your priorities, time, and resources.
• Focus on your values and principles, avoiding distractions from others.
• Identify your peak productivity periods and locations.
• Strive for a win-win outcome in your studies to benefit yourself, peers, and teachers.
• Seek solutions to course material challenges—don't just reread; consult other resources to understand the concepts.
• Continuously challenge yourself to deeply explore each topic.

Chemistry

• WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System; symbols used to identify dangerous materials.
• Matter is anything with mass and volume. Matter can be a pure substance or a mixture.
• Atomic Theories:
  • Dalton's: Atoms are indivisible particles.
  • Thomson's: Atoms contain smaller, negatively charged particles (electrons).
  • Rutherford's: Atoms have a dense, positively charged nucleus with orbiting electrons.
• Atomic Structure: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Atomic number = number of protons
• Mass number = number of protons + neutrons
• Periodic Table: Elements organized by properties.
  • Metals (left side), nonmetals (right side), metalloids (bordering the "staircase").

Molecular and Ionic compounds

• Molecular Compounds (nonmetal + nonmetal): Atoms share electrons. Naming uses prefixes (mono, di, tri,...).
• Ionic Compounds (metal + nonmetal): Atoms exchange electrons. Naming uses the metal name, then the nonmetal name with an "-ide" suffix.
• Writing Formulas and Names Use the chemical symbol and appropriate numerical subscripts to determine the quantity of atoms composing the compound.
• Molecular and Ionic properties are specific to each compound.

Chemical Reactions

• A chemical reaction changes substances into new ones.
• Reactants form products in a reaction.
• Energy is involved in chemical reactions.
• Evidence of a reaction includes changes in color, odor, gas formation, and precipitate formation.
• Balanced Equations: Equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.Use coefficients to balance these equations

Moles

• Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10²³) represents one mole of a substance.
• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance (grams/mol).
• Moles = mass/molar mass

Atoms and Ions

• Atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
• Ions have a charge because there are unequal numbers of protons and electrons
• Use the periodic table to find the number of protons, neutrons, electrons for an element, or a compound.

Naming Review

• Use subscripts to denote quantities of elements.
• Use proper chemical formulas

Physics

• Significant Digits: When multiplying, round to the number of digits in the least precise number.
• Motion: Uniform motion (straight line) and non-uniform motion (curved line on graph).
• Scaler vs. Vector Quantities
• Scalar Quantities: magnitude only (distance, speed)
• Vector Quantities: magnitude and direction (displacement, velocity, acceleration, force)
• Distance: Total distance traveled.
• Displacement: Straight-line distance from start to finish.
• Speed: Distance/time.
• Velocity: Displacement/time.
• Acceleration: Velocity/time.

Work and Energy

• Work: Force x distance in the same direction.
• Power: Work/time.
• Energy: Ability to do work.
• Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (½mv²).
• Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position (mgh).
• Mechanical Energy: Total Potential and Kinetic Energies

Thermodynamics and Energy Transfer

• Laws of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. Every transfer involves a loss of usable energy, usually as heat.
• Energy Conversions: Energy can change from one form to another or be transferred from one object to another.
• Efficiency: A mathematical statement of how much energy is converted to usable work; efficiency is less than 100 percent

Biology

• Cells: Smallest functional unit of life. All living things are made of cells.
• Cell theory: All organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Plant cells vs Animal cells: Different organelles.
• Microscopes Compound light microscopes and electron microscopes
• Magnification: increase the size of an image.
• Image Quality: sharpness of the image. Includes resolution and magnification
• Cell types: A plant and animal cell have different functions and structures.
• Cell transport: Passive (diffusion, osmosis) and Active transport
• Photosynthesis a chemical reaction that converts energy from the sun into stored energy as chemical bonds in carbohydrates
• Cellular respiration: the chemical reaction that releases energy from carbohydrates for cellular functions

Other

• Units and Conversions: Use correct units when solving problems in each subject.
• Problem Solving Methods: Use methods relevant to the subject matter given.

This quiz focuses on effective study tips for mastering chemistry concepts. It covers essential atomic theories, atomic structure, and the importance of understanding workplace hazardous materials. Test your knowledge and enhance your learning experience with these targeted questions.