Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Methods Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of ASTM D-86?

Atmospheric distillation

What does ASTM D-1160 cover?

Vacuum distillation

What does the distillation curve depict?

Boiling temperature of crude oil against volume fraction distilled

How are the individual light hydrocarbons in crude oils identified and quantified?

GC/gas chromatography (ASTM D-2427) Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of light hydrocarbons found in crude oils?

Methane to butane Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to measure the density of different fractions?

Density measurement Signup and view all the answers

What is the API gravity of Brent Crude?

Around 38.06 Signup and view all the answers

Where is Brent Crude typically refined?

Northwest Europe Signup and view all the answers

What is the sulfur content in WTI crude oil?

About 0.24% Signup and view all the answers

Which crude oil is rated as sweeter between Brent and WTI?

WTI Signup and view all the answers

What determines the properties of hydrocarbons?

The number and arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What type of hydrocarbons are usually gases?

Those containing up to four carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of crude oil?

Crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (mostly alkanes) of various lengths. Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the term 'Petroleum'?

Petroleum is derived from Greek πέτρα (Latin petra) - rock + έλαιον (Latin oleum) - oil. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the composition of crude oil.

Crude oil consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes, of various lengths. Signup and view all the answers

In what form can crude oil be found in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada?

Crude oil may be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand, referred to as crude bitumen. Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of refinery products and crude oil?

Refinery products and crude oil have diverse properties due to their complex hydrocarbon composition. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of hydrocarbons in crude oil.

Hydrocarbons in crude oil are primarily alkanes of varying chain lengths, which are essential for fuel production and various industrial processes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ASTM Standards

ASTM D-86 determines the boiling point distribution of petroleum products by distillation.
ASTM D-1160 evaluates the distillation of petroleum products under reduced pressure, focusing on high-boiling point components.

Distillation and Hydrocarbons

The distillation curve illustrates the relationship between boiling points and the volume of distillate collected, indicating the composition and volatility of the substance.
Individual light hydrocarbons in crude oils are identified and quantified using gas chromatography, which separates and analyzes compounds in a sample.

Light Hydrocarbons

Common light hydrocarbons in crude oils include methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane.

Density Measurement

The density of different fractions is measured using hydrometers or density meters, calibrated for specific temperature and pressure conditions.

Crude Oil Specifications

The API gravity of Brent Crude is approximately 38° API, indicating its relatively light nature.
Brent Crude is typically refined in Europe, particularly in the UK and surrounding nations.

Crude Oil Comparisons

The sulfur content in WTI (West Texas Intermediate) crude oil averages around 0.24%, making it a low-sulfur option.
WTI is rated as sweeter compared to Brent due to its lower sulfur content.

Hydrocarbon Properties

Hydrocarbon properties are determined by their molecular structure, which affects boiling points, polarity, and volatility.
Gases are typically alkanes with low carbon chain lengths, such as methane (C1) to butane (C4).

Crude Oil Definition and Origin

Crude oil is defined as a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.
The term 'Petroleum' originates from Latin, where "petra" means rock and "oleum" means oil, reflecting its geological sources.

Composition of Crude Oil

Crude oil is primarily composed of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and other elements like sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Special Forms of Crude Oil

In the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, crude oil is found in the form of bitumen, a viscous and thick tar-like substance.

Refinery Products and Crude Oil

Refinery products possess specific properties such as viscosity, volatility, and density, crucial for determining their suitability for various applications.

Importance of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons in crude oil serve as the primary energy source and feedstock for petrochemical production, highlighting their significance in global energy and manufacturing industries.

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Description

Test your knowledge on ASTM D-86 for atmospheric distillation and ASTM D-1160 for vacuum distillation. Learn about the boiling temperature ranges of petroleum products and the procedures for these distillation methods.