60 Questions
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
Large
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
To choose and process information
What is the term for the ability to recall images in great detail?
Photographic memory
Approximately what percentage of adults have photographic memory?
1%
What is the skill that memory experts typically possess?
Organizing information in their memory
What is the duration of sensory memory?
Up to 4 seconds
What is the main characteristic of short-term/working memory?
Limited to 7 +/- 2 items
What type of memory is characterized by recall or recognition of information and can be verbally transmitted?
Explicit/declarative memory
What is the primary function of the hippocampus in memory formation?
Acting as a loading dock for explicit memories
What is the process by which learning occurs in the brain?
Long-term potentiation
What is the term for when brain damage affects two behaviors very differently, suggesting that the two behaviors are produced by different processes?
Dissociation
What is the name of the receptor involved in the process of long-term potentiation?
NMDA receptor
What is the main characteristic of long-term memory?
Unlimited in capacity and time
What is the term for the process by which information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory?
Memory consolidation
What is the primary function of the frontal lobes in memory formation?
Recalling information and holding it in working memory
What is the name of the psychologist who introduced the concept of working memory?
Baddeley
What is the primary function of the hippocampus in relation to memory?
Formation of explicit memories
What is the name of the neurons involved in spatial navigation in the posterior hippocampus?
Place cells
What is the effect of damage to the hippocampus and surrounding areas on an individual's ability to form new memories?
They cannot form new explicit memories but can form new implicit memories
What is the brain structure involved in the learning of procedural memories for skills?
Cerebellum
What is the correlation between the volume of the posterior hippocampus and the amount of time an individual has been a taxi driver?
The volume of the posterior hippocampus increases as the amount of time an individual has been a taxi driver increases
What is the brain structure involved in motor sequencing and is affected in Parkinson's disease?
Basal ganglia
What is the primary distinction between organic amnesia and psychogenic amnesia?
Organic amnesia is caused by brain injury, whereas psychogenic amnesia is caused by psychological factors
What is the common name for the disorder characterized by two or more distinct and alternating personalities?
Multiple personality disorder
What is the percentage of the population above the age of 65 that is affected by Alzheimer's disease?
7%
What is the name of the protein that is misfolded in amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's patients?
B-amyloid protein
According to research, what is the largest modifiable risk factor for developing neurocognitive disorders?
Hearing loss
What is the effect of anticholinergics on the brain, according to research?
Reduced brain volume and lower levels of glucose metabolism
What is the primary goal of the treatment still in experimental stages, which involves recalling traumatic or negative experiences and simultaneously administering a memory-blocking drug or a brief painless electric shock?
To disrupt the reconsolidation of the memory
What is the term for the phenomenon where people attribute an event to the wrong source, such as thinking they experienced something they only heard about or read about?
Source amnesia
What is the characteristic of savant syndrome that allows individuals to exhibit exceptional abilities in specific domains, such as music or art?
A seemingly limitless memory
What is the term for the rare condition where individuals have virtually perfect memory from about age 10, often associated with OCD type behavior and an enlarged hippocampus and caudate nucleus?
Hyperthymesia
What is the purpose of schemas in memory, according to the text?
To provide a framework for understanding and organizing experiences
What is the potential application of disrupting the left anterior frontal lobe with TMS, according to the text?
To create savant-like memorization skills and artistic abilities in people without autistic traits
What is one possible explanation for the retrieval failure?
Lack of attention during encoding
What is the primary reason for storage decay?
Interference from new memories
What is the term for the process of rewriting memories during retrieval?
Reconsolidation
What is the main finding of the study on nuns in a convent?
Education and intellectual activity protect against Alzheimer's
What is the percentage of foreign language vocabulary, idioms, and grammar remembered by people after 50 years?
40%
What is the main reason for the difference in recall between participants who slept or engaged in normal daily activities?
Interference from new memories
What is the term for the process of getting information into the brain?
Encoding
What is the percentage of men who remembered receiving physical punishment, despite 82% reporting it as ninth-graders?
1 in 3
What is the effect of reconsolidation on memories?
Slightly alters the memory chemically
What is the main point of the study on memory reconstruction?
Memories often never really occurred
What is the primary cause of the dual processing explanation for familiarity?
Variations in transmission speed between sensory pathways
What is the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning?
Impaired concentration and increased vulnerability to accidents
What is the mechanism underlying the attentional explanation for familiarity?
A fully processed perceptual experience clashing with a minimally processed impression
What is the primary characteristic of people who experience familiarity, according to the memory explanation?
Implicit familiarity without explicit recollection
What is the primary correlation between familiarity and socioeconomic level?
Positive correlation
What is the primary factor contributing to the experience of familiarity in people who travel?
Increased stress and fatigue
What is the impact of sleep deprivation on the prefrontal cortex?
Impairs its functioning
What is the percentage decrease in the brain's ability to make new memories when sleep-deprived?
40%
What is the role of sleep in emotion regulation?
It helps keep anxiety in check
What is the consequence of restricted sleep on glucose metabolism in 18-year-olds?
It makes glucose metabolism similar to that of a 60-year-old
What is the impact of sleep deprivation on athletic ability in adolescents?
It improves athletic ability
How much less sleep do teens who get C's, D's, and F's in school get compared to A and B students?
25 minutes
What is the effect of sleep deprivation on the immune system?
It depresses the immune system
What is the correlation between sleep deprivation and obesity in adolescents?
For each hour of sleep lost, the odds of obesity increase by 80%
What is the treatment for insomnia that involves associating the bed with sleep?
Stimulus control
What is the implication of being awake for more than 24 hours on medical interns' performance?
It impairs their performance as much as having a blood alcohol level of 0.10%
Test your knowledge on the three-stage modal model of memory, including sensory memory, iconic memory, and more. Learn about the capacity and duration of each stage and how they relate to perception.
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