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Questions and Answers
What type of response may be triggered involuntarily due to classical conditioning?
What type of response may be triggered involuntarily due to classical conditioning?
- An emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus (correct)
- A voluntary assessment of danger
- A predictable action based on reward
- A learned behavior based on reasoned choices
What can be a consequence of classically conditioned memories associated with fear?
What can be a consequence of classically conditioned memories associated with fear?
- Formation of a reflexive fear response to the associated stimulus (correct)
- Ability to consciously control emotional reactions
- Increased awareness of sensory experiences
- Improved memory retrieval for unrelated experiences
Which type of memory is characterized by 'knowing that'?
Which type of memory is characterized by 'knowing that'?
- Declarative memory (correct)
- Implicit memory
- Procedural memory
- Reflexive memory
How can classically conditioned memories affect an individual's behavior toward a stimulus?
How can classically conditioned memories affect an individual's behavior toward a stimulus?
What is a key characteristic of implicit memory related to emotional stimuli?
What is a key characteristic of implicit memory related to emotional stimuli?
What defines explicit memory?
What defines explicit memory?
Which of the following best describes semantic memory?
Which of the following best describes semantic memory?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What type of memory involves personal experiences?
What type of memory involves personal experiences?
How does short-term memory differ from sensory memory?
How does short-term memory differ from sensory memory?
Which example illustrates the concept of explicit memory?
Which example illustrates the concept of explicit memory?
How are semantic and episodic memory categorized?
How are semantic and episodic memory categorized?
What process helps increase the likelihood of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
What process helps increase the likelihood of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
Which of the following best describes the role of attention in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
Which of the following best describes the role of attention in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
Which statement is true about explicit memory?
Which statement is true about explicit memory?
What is a characteristic of episodic memory?
What is a characteristic of episodic memory?
What might cause the loss of information in short-term memory?
What might cause the loss of information in short-term memory?
Which statement accurately describes long-term memory?
Which statement accurately describes long-term memory?
Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?
Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?
What happens to new information when short-term memory reaches its limit?
What happens to new information when short-term memory reaches its limit?
Which mechanism can cause memories to fade away over time?
Which mechanism can cause memories to fade away over time?
Was the data collected by Caterina quantitative or qualitative?
Was the data collected by Caterina quantitative or qualitative?
What is the independent variable in Caterina’s research investigation?
What is the independent variable in Caterina’s research investigation?
What can be concluded about the generalizability of Caterina's study results to high school students?
What can be concluded about the generalizability of Caterina's study results to high school students?
Which memory store is responsible for the initial entry of music during the study?
Which memory store is responsible for the initial entry of music during the study?
What type of memory allows Johnnie to remember vivid details of the crash?
What type of memory allows Johnnie to remember vivid details of the crash?
What psychological process explains Johnnie's fear of getting into cars?
What psychological process explains Johnnie's fear of getting into cars?
How does the Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model categorize memory?
How does the Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model categorize memory?
What is a limitation of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?
What is a limitation of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?
Which type of memory is associated with knowing how to perform tasks like tying shoelaces?
Which type of memory is associated with knowing how to perform tasks like tying shoelaces?
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for encoding explicit memories?
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for encoding explicit memories?
What is the role of the basal ganglia in memory processing?
What is the role of the basal ganglia in memory processing?
Which brain structures interact to encode and store long-term memories?
Which brain structures interact to encode and store long-term memories?
Which of the following is not considered a brain structure involved in memory?
Which of the following is not considered a brain structure involved in memory?
What is an example of a classically conditioned memory?
What is an example of a classically conditioned memory?
How does the process of memory differ from being a single brain function?
How does the process of memory differ from being a single brain function?
Which of the following best describes procedural memories?
Which of the following best describes procedural memories?
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Study Notes
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
- Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory, where information is briefly held before being processed further.
- Attention is necessary for information to be transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory.
- Short-term memory (STM) is where information is actively processed and manipulated.
- Rehearsal is a conscious process that involves repeating information in STM to increase the chances of it being encoded into long-term memory.
- Information in STM can be lost due to displacement (being pushed out by new information) or decay (fading over time).
- Long-term memory (LTM) stores information that has been encoded and is available for retrieval.
- Memories in LTM can be lost over time.
Explicit Memory
- Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, is a type of long-term memory that can be consciously retrieved.
- Explicit memories are consciously recalled and brought into awareness.
- Explicit memories are also known as declarative memories because they can be declared or stated to someone else.
- Semantic memory is a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge and facts.
- Episodic memory is a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events.
Brain Structures Involved in Memory
- The hippocampus is a brain structure primarily involved in encoding explicit memories.
- The amygdala is involved in processing emotional memories.
- The neocortex is responsible for storing long-term memories.
- The basal ganglia is involved in procedural learning and memory.
- The cerebellum is involved in motor skill memory.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a type of learning where an involuntary response is associated with a previously neutral stimulus.
- A conditioned fear response can be triggered by the repeated association of a neutral stimulus with a feared stimulus.
- Classically conditioned memories are involuntary and can be reflexive.
Distinguishing Between Declarative and Procedural Memories
- Declarative memories often involve "knowing that" information, such as facts and events.
- Procedural memories often involve "knowing how" to do something, such as skills and habits.
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