Assessing Behaviour Responses in Patients

Questions and Answers

What verbal response indicates a patient is fully oriented?

Confused

Oriented to time, person and place (correct)

Inappropriate words

Incomprehensible sounds

Which motor response reflects a patient's ability to obey commands?

Flex to withdraw from pain

Moves to localised pain

Obeys command (correct)

Abnormal flexion

What is the lowest level of eye-opening response according to the scale?

To speech

Spontaneously

No response (correct)

To pain

Which of the following responses indicates the least reactive verbal behavior?

Incomprehensible sounds Signup and view all the answers

If a patient shows abnormal flexion in response to a stimulus, what level of motor response are they demonstrating?

Abnormal flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with strokes that involves difficulty in maintaining physical stability?

Balance Loss Signup and view all the answers

If a person exhibits a sudden inability to speak clearly, what stroke symptom might they be showing?

Speech Difficulty Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken immediately if someone shows signs of a stroke?

Call 911 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT part of the BEFAST stroke recognition tool?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms refers specifically to changes in visual perception during a stroke?

Eyesight Changes Signup and view all the answers

Which component occupies the largest segment in the pie chart?

Brain tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest segment represented in the pie chart?

CSF Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the segments of the pie chart?

Brain tissue outnumbers the other two. Signup and view all the answers

If the pie chart is divided into three equal parts, which component is most likely to dominate?

Brain tissue Signup and view all the answers

In terms of fluid content, which segment would likely contribute the least volume in the context of the brain?

CSF Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Olfactory nerve?

Smell Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for lateral movement of the eyeballs?

Abducens Signup and view all the answers

What does the Vagus nerve primarily control?

Sensation in throat and visceral muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial sensation and expression?

Trigeminal Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve?

Tongue movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the Babinski sign indicative of in adults?

Neurological damage or dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

How does the plantar reflex present in adults?

Flexion of toes Signup and view all the answers

What would indicate a normal response in a Babinski reflex test for adults?

Toes curl downward Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is considered abnormal specifically in adults?

Babinski sign Signup and view all the answers

In which age group is the Babinski reflex typically considered normal?

Infants Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brain herniation involves downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum?

Tonsilar Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom commonly associated with ascending transtentorial herniation?

Coma and miosis Signup and view all the answers

Which brain herniation type causes compression of the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri?

Subfalcine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of herniation is characterized by the inferior displacement of the medial temporal lobe past the tentorium cerebelli?

Uncal transtentorial Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential outcome of central transtentorial herniation?

Parinaud syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

Fast heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Airways dilation Signup and view all the answers

In terms of bladder activity, how does the sympathetic system respond?

Stimulates relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the intestines during a sympathetic response?

Decreased activity Signup and view all the answers

How does the parasympathetic system affect salivation?

Stimulates salivation Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Increase heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following responses is associated with the parasympathetic division?

Heart rate slows Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic division affect the kidneys?

Releases adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological change occurs during activation of the parasympathetic division?

Increased blood flow to the reproductive system Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the sympathetic division have on digestion?

Inhibits digestion in both stomach and intestines Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the afferent neurons in the reflex arc?

Receive sensory information from pain receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the interneuron play in the reflex arc?

It connects the afferent neuron to the efferent neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the withdrawal reflex?

The finger is pulled away from the hot object. Signup and view all the answers

Where do pain receptors transmit signals after being stimulated by a hot object?

To the cell body of the afferent neuron. Signup and view all the answers

Which neuron is responsible for transmitting the impulse to the muscle after the interneuron?

Motor neuron. Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression?

Facial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

Taste and tongue movement Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve controls tongue movement and speech?

Hypoglossal Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to assess the function of the Optic nerve?

Snellen chart Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling most eye movements?

Oculomotor Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

Balance and hearing Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves are categorized as both sensory and motor?

Facial and Glossopharyngeal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Vagus nerve?

Swallowing, speaking, and coughing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Behaviour Response

Eye-opening responses are categorized as:
- Spontaneous (4)
- To speech (3)
- To pain (2)
- No response (1)
Verbal responses include:
- Oriented (5)
- Confused (4)
- Inappropriate words (3)
- Incomprehensible sounds (2)
- No response (1)
Motor responses are assessed by:
- Obeying commands (6)
- Moving to localized pain (5)
- Flexing to withdraw from pain (4)
- Abnormal flexion (3)
- Abnormal extension (2)
- No response (1)

Reflex Arc

Pain receptors in the skin detect heat and send signals through:
- Afferent neurons to the spinal cord
- Interneurons connect to efferent neurons
- Efferent neurons cause muscle contraction to withdraw from harm
Afferent neurons transmit impulses toward the central nervous system (CNS)
Efferent neurons transmit impulses away from the CNS
The withdrawal reflex is a protective involuntary response.

Cranial Nerves

Cranial nerves originate from the brain stem, carrying information to and from the body.
Key functions of cranial nerves include:
- Olfactory: Smell
- Optic: Visual acuity
- Oculomotor: Eye movement and pupil dilation
- Trochlear: Vertical eye movement
- Trigeminal: Facial sensation and expression
- Abducens: Lateral eye movement
- Facial: Taste and facial expression
- Auditory: Hearing and balance
- Glossopharyngeal: Taste and swallowing
- Vagus: Throat sensation and visceral muscle function
- Accessory: Head and shoulder movement
- Hypoglossal: Tongue movement

Spotting a Stroke - BEFAST

Balance loss: Difficulty maintaining stability
Eyesight changes: Blurred or altered vision
Face drooping: Asymmetry or weakness in facial muscles
Arm weakness: Inability to raise both arms equally
Speech difficulty: Slurred or incomprehensible speech
Time to call 911: Immediate action required for potential stroke

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Division

Functions include:
- Pupils constrict
- Heart rate slows
- Digestion stimulates
- Bladder constricts

Sympathetic Division

Functions include:
- Pupils dilate
- Heart rate increases
- Airways dilate
- Liver releases glucose

Differences Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Parasympathetic actions generally promote rest and digestion, while sympathetic actions prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

Cranial Nerve Tests

Tests include a variety of sensory and motor evaluations for each cranial nerve to assess neurological function.
Common tests involve visual assessments (Snellen chart), facial expressions, and responses to sensory stimuli.

Brain Herniation Types

Transcalvarial: Brain displacement through skull defects.
Ascending transtentorial: Cerebellum compression and midbrain issues lead to coma.
Tonsilar: Downward displacement causing respiratory issues.
Subfalcine: Compression leading to behavioral changes and weakness.
Central transtentorial: Progressive downward displacement results in severe symptoms including coma.
Uncal transtentorial: Medial temporal lobe displacement causing various neurological symptoms.

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Description

This quiz evaluates the understanding of the behaviour responses of patients in medical settings, focusing on eye opening, verbal, and motor responses. Familiarize yourself with the various levels of response to injury or stimuli, crucial for assessing patient conditions. Perfect for medical students and healthcare professionals.