أساسيات الكمبيوتر: أنظمة التشغيل والشبكات والأمن والبرمجيات

Computer Basics

Operating Systems

An operating system (OS) is a crucial piece of software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's hardware and software, communicates with the user, and allows programs to interact with the hardware. Without an operating system, a computer is virtually useless.

Networking

Network operating systems (NOS) are designed to implement and maintain networks. They act as the command center, enabling network hardware and software to function as one cohesive system. Network operating systems provide features like printer sharing, common file system and database sharing, application sharing, and user and group management.

Security

Security is a critical aspect of operating systems. It includes features like access control, authentication, and authorization. Network operating systems also provide security features to protect data and services on the network.

Software

Software is the other component of a computer system. It includes application software, utility software, and programming software. Application software is designed to perform specific tasks, utility software helps users modify a computer, and programming software is used to create new programs and applications.

Hardware

Hardware is the physical component of a computer. It includes components like the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and hard drive. Hardware is essential for software to perform its functions.

In summary, operating systems manage the computer's hardware and software, networking systems enable communication between devices, security features protect data and services, software performs specific tasks, and hardware is the physical component that makes all this possible.