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Questions and Answers
Who is credited with the quote: 'Art is a mediator of the unspeakable'?
Art is a mirror held up to reality.
False
What does the vertical line in art signify?
power, strength, stability, simplicity, and efficiency
In painting, _______ refers to the subject of the piece itself.
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Match the following artistic periods with their characteristics:
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What is the defining element of the Corinthian order?
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Who was the first actor in the Greek theatre?
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All performers in Greek theatre were male.
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The essential instrument in the music of Greek theatre was the ______.
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Match the following Roman artworks with their descriptions:
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Some of the varieties used were Carrara marble came from Italy, Parian marble from Paros, Pentelic from Athens, yellow __________ Numidian marble from North Africa, purple Phyrgian from Turkey, red porphyry from Egypt, and green-veined Carystian marble from Euboea.
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Who were some notable architects during this period?
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Romans were uninterested in theoretical questions, but they were among the greatest engineers, military tacticians, and administrators.
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What did Horace's The Art of Poetry serve as a manual on?
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Match the following Roman architectural styles with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
MODULE 1: THE BASICS CONCEPTS OF ART
Aristotle and Other Famous Quotes
- "Art completes what nature cannot bring to a finish. The artist gives us knowledge of nature's unrealized ends." - Aristotle
- "The true work of art is but a shadow of the divine perfection." - Michelangelo
- "Art is a mediator of the unspeakable." - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- "Art is a mad search for individualism." - Paul Gauguin
- "Art is not a mirror held up to reality but a hammer with which to shape it." - Bertolt Brecht
Characteristics of Art
- Man-made
- Unique
- Aesthetics
Types of Art
- Painting
- Sculpture
- Architecture
- Literature
- Music
Elements of Art
- Line: indicates direction, orientation, movement, and energy
- Vertical line: basic framework of all forms, power, strength, stability, simplicity, and efficiency
- Horizontal line: creates an impression of serenity, perfect stability, rest, calmness, peace, and repose
- Jagged line: shows violence, confusion, and conflict
- Curved line: shows a gradual change of direction and fluidity
- Space: refers to the distances or areas around, between, and within components of a piece
- Shape: an enclosed space, a bounded two-dimensional form that has both length and width
- Organic shapes: based on natural or living forms, can be irregular
- Geometric shapes: based on measured forms, can be named (e.g., sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and cylinder)
- Form: connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and height
- Color
- Texture
PRINCIPLES OF ART
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Emphasis: composition refers to developing points of interest to pull the viewer's eye to important parts of the body of the work
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Balance: sense of stability in the body of work
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Harmony: achieved in a body of work by using similar elements throughout the work
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Variety: refers to the differences in the work
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Movement: adds excitement to your work by showing action and directing the viewer's eye throughout the work
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Unity: seen in a painting or drawing when all the parts equal a whole### Roman Arts and Architecture
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Roman wall painters preferred natural earth colors, such as darker shades of reds, yellows, and browns.
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Subjects included portraits, scenes from mythology, architecture, flora, fauna, and entire gardens, landscapes, and townscapes.
Roman Sculpture
- Roman sculpture blended the idealized perfection of earlier Classical Greek sculpture with a greater aspiration for realism and mixed in Eastern styles.
- Sculptures mostly used marble and bronze, depicting prominent political figures, wealthy individuals, gods, emperors, and heroes.
- Larger-than-life sculptures were also carved for gods, emperors, and heroes.
Mosaics
- Mosaics were made with small black, white, and colored squares of marble, tile, glass, pottery, stone, or shells.
- Each individual piece measured between 0.5 and 1.5 cm, but fine details were often rendered using even smaller pieces as little as 1mm in size.
- Popular subjects included scenes from mythology, gladiator contests, sports, agriculture, hunting, food, flora, and fauna, and sometimes they even captured the Romans themselves in detailed and realistic portraits.
Roman Architecture
- Roman architecture continued the legacy left by the earlier Greek architects.
- Marble was largely favored, especially for state-funded projects.
- Some notable architects were Apollodorus of Damascus, Hadrian, Severus, Celer, and Vitruvius.
Roman Orders
- Roman Composite - mixed the volute of the Ionic order with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian.
- Roman Tuscan - a form of Doric column but with a smaller capital, a more slender shaft without flutes, and a molded base.
Socio-Cultural Context
- By 146 BCE, Rome had conquered Greece and absorbed its other territories.
- Romans were uninterested in theoretical questions, but they were among the greatest engineers, military tacticians, and administrators.
Roman Literature and Theater
- Horace's The Art of Poetry served as a manual on writing good plays.
- Roman drama prospered in the Republic era (509-27 BCE), but was abandoned in the Empire era (27 BCE-476 CE).
- Roman Comic Playwrights included Livius Andronicus, Gnaeus Naevius, and Titus Maccius Plautus.
- Roman Tragic Playwrights included Quintus Ennius, Marcus Ocuvius, Luccius Accius, and Lucius Annaeus Seneca.
Roman Actors
- Histriones were actors; Cantores were declaimers.
- Male actors performed in tragedies and comedies; women performed in mimes.
- The playwright left the production at the hands of managers.
- Some actors belonged in guilds.
- In the 1st century BCE, emphasis shifted to the "star" performer.
- The most popular performers in late Rome were tightrope walkers, trapeze artists, jugglers, sword-swallowers, fire-eaters, and dancers.
Acting Style in Tragedy and Comedy
- Delivery in tragedy was slow, stately, and declamatory; delivery in comedy was conversational.
- Proficiency in speaking, singing, and dancing was required.
- Movement in tragedy was slow and dignified; movement in comedy was lively.
- Gestures and movement were considered enlarged.
- Actors specialized in one dramatic form.
- Actors in mime did not use masks.
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Description
Review the fundamentals of art appreciation, exploring quotes from Aristotle, Michelangelo, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Analyze iconic artworks like Christina's World and Rizal Monument.
