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Art Appreciation: Basics and Definition
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Art Appreciation: Basics and Definition

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Questions and Answers

Which order of columns is characterized by a plain, unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly on the stylobate of the temple without a base?

  • Corinthian Order
  • Ionic Order
  • Doric Order (correct)
  • Which order of columns originated in Ionia and is notable for its graceful and elegant profile?

  • Doric Order
  • Ionic Order (correct)
  • Corinthian Order
  • Which order of columns is characterized by acanthus leaves surrounding a votive basket in its capital?

  • Doric Order
  • Ionic Order
  • Corinthian Order (correct)
  • Who is considered the first actor in Greek theatre?

    <p>Thespis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aristotle, what does art complete that nature cannot bring to a finish?

    <p>knowledge of nature's unrealized ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who said 'Art is a mad search for individualism'?

    <p>Paul Gauguin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Art is the expression of man’s through the use of his body. True or False?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Art is not a mirror held up to reality, but a hammer with which to shape it. Who said this?

    <p>Bertolt Brecht</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Hue = refers to the names we assign a color Saturation = refers to the vividness of color Value = refers to the lightness or darkness of the color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of marble was favored especially for state-funded projects by Roman architects?

    <p>Carrara marble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roman architects were among the greatest administrators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roman Festivals also included ______, which were official religious festivals.

    <p>Ludi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Roman Tragic Playwright with their notable works:

    <p>LIVIUS ANDRONICUS = The Trojan Women, Medea, Oedipus, Phaedra LUCIUS ANNAEUS SENECA = Thyestes, Hercules on Oeta, The Mad Hercules GNAEUS NAEVIUS = Octavia - only surviving fabula praetexta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ART: THE BASICS

    • Art is defined as completing what nature cannot bring to a finish (Aristotle), a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo), a mediator of the unspeakable (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe), and a mad search for individualism (Paul Gauguin).
    • Art is the expression of man's ideas, imagination, and emotions through the use of his body.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF ART

    • Man-made and transformed by man.
    • Unique and individualistic, no two art pieces are alike.
    • Aesthetic, beautiful, and intelligible.

    TYPES OF ART

    • Traditional Art (High Art): Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Literature, Music, Dance, and Theatre.
    • Elements of Art: Space, Line, Shape, Form, Color, and Texture.

    ELEMENTS OF ART

    • Space: Refers to the distances or areas around, between, and within components of a piece.
    • Line: Indicates direction, orientation, movement, and energy.
      • Types of Line: Vertical, Horizontal, Jagged, and Curved.
    • Shape: An enclosed space, a bounded two-dimensional form that has both length and width.
      • Types of Shape: Organic and Geometric.
    • Form: Connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and height.
    • Color: Produced when light, striking an object, is reflected back to the eye.
      • Terminologies of Colors: Hue, Saturation, and Value.
    • Texture: Used to describe the way a three-dimensional work actually feels when touched.

    PRINCIPLES OF ART

    • Emphasis: Developing points of interest to pull the viewer's eye to important parts of the work.
    • Balance: Achieved in a body of work by using similar elements throughout the work.
    • Movement: Adds excitement to the work by showing action and directing the viewer's eye throughout the picture plane.
    • Unity: Seen in a painting or drawing when all the parts equal a whole.

    MODULE 2 | ANCIENT GREEK ART

    • Frescoes: Paintings of color pigments on wet lime plaster without a binding agent, often depicting scenes from everyday life.
    • Pottery: Vases were meant to be used in everyday life, with painters partnering with potters in creating vases.
    • Sculptures: Greek art of classical antiquity is believed to be a mixture of Egyptian, Syrian, Minoan, and Persian cultures.
      • Three periods of Greek Sculpture: Archaic Period, Classical Period, and Hellenistic Period.

    MODULE 2 | ANCIENT GREEK SCULPTURES

    • Archaic Period: Characterized by the development of monumental marble sculpture.
    • Classical Period: The creative highpoint of Greek sculpture, with famous sculptors like Phidias, Praxiteles, Kritios, Lysippos, and Myron.
    • Hellenistic Period: A continuation, refinement, and expansion of Greek influence in the Mediterranean world after Alexander the Great.

    MODULE 2 | ARCHITECTURE

    • Three Types of Columns:
      • Doric Order: Earliest of the three Classical orders of architecture, characterized by a plain, unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly on the stylobate of the temple without a base.
      • Ionic Order: Originated in Ionia, a coastal region of central Anatolia, characterized by volutes (scroll-like ornaments) and a base supports the column.
      • Corinthian Order: Originated from the Greek city-state of Corinth, characterized by an elaborate, carved capital, which incorporates even more vegetal elements than the Ionic order does.

    MODULE 2 | THEATRE

    • Originated from the cult of Dionysus, associated with darkness, with the loss of boundaries around the self.
    • Four Dionysian Festivals: Rural Dionysia, Lenaia, Anthesteria, and City Dionysia.
    • Plays and Playwrights: Only 44 plays survived from the Greek classical period, written by Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
    • Performers, Masks, Costumes, and Music:
      • All performers were male.
      • Masks were essential, with tragic masks having formalized, expressionless faces, and comic masks presenting caricatures, grotesques, or animal heads.
      • Costumes for tragedy included a tunic or sometimes a long/short cloak, and for comedy, based on everyday wear and included a phallus.
      • Music was integral, with a double pipe, aulos, used above the rest of the crowd to denote importance.

    MODULE 3 | ANCIENT ROMAN ART

    • Spanned for 1,000 years in three continents – Europe, Asia, and Africa.
    • Used a broad spectrum of media, including marble, painting, mosaic, gems, silver and bronze work, and terracotta.
    • Mostly has Greek, Etruscan, and Egyptian influences.
    • Roman Art in Republican Rome:
      • Art was produced in the service of the state, depicting public sacrifices or celebrating victorious military campaigns.
      • Portraits depicted the collective goals of the Republic, with patrons choosing to have themselves represented with balding heads, large noses, and extra wrinkles.
    • Roman Art in Imperial Rome:
      • Aggrandized the ruler and his family, often hearkening back to the Classical art of the past.

    MODULE 3 | MINOR ART

    • Jewelry equates to richness, mostly worn by women but also by men.

    • Made of precious stones such as opals, emeralds, diamonds, topaz, and pearls.

    • Types of Jewelry: Bracelets of bronze, bone, and jet, often made of shale.### Late Antique Art

    • Characteristics include frontality, stiffness of pose and drapery, deeply drilled lines, less naturalism, squat proportions, and lack of individualism.

    • Important figures are often slightly larger or placed prominently.

    • Jewellery like bracelets and rings were worn by men, women, and children, made of silver, gold, bronze, iron, and jet, sometimes with precious stones and intaglios.

    Mosaics

    • Mosaics, also known as opus tessellatum, were made with small black, white, and colored squares of marble, tile, glass, pottery, stone, or shells.
    • Each piece measured between 0.5 and 1.5 cm, with fine details rendered using even smaller pieces (as little as 1mm in size).
    • Popular subjects included scenes from mythology, gladiator contests, sports, agriculture, hunting, food, flora, and fauna, as well as realistic portraits of Romans.

    Pottery

    • Ancient Roman fine wares were called terra sigillata, characterized by red-colored pottery with glossy surface slips.
    • They flourished in Italy and Gaul (modern-day France) during the Roman Empire.

    Sculpture

    • Roman sculpture blended the idealized perfection of earlier Classical Greek sculpture with a greater aspiration for realism and Eastern art styles.
    • Sculptures depicted prominent political figures, wealthy individuals, gods, emperors, and heroes, often larger than life.
    • Materials used included marble and bronze.

    Painting

    • Roman interiors were lavishly painted and had stucco.
    • The largest body of evidence comes from Pompeii and Herculaneum, both destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius.
    • Wall painters preferred natural earth colors like darker shades of red, yellow, and brown.
    • Subjects included portraits, scenes from mythology, architecture, flora, fauna, and townscapes.

    Architecture

    • Roman architecture continued the legacy left by earlier Greek architects.
    • Marble was favored, especially for state-funded projects.
    • Notable architects included Apollodorus of Damascus, Hadrian, Severus, Celer, and Vitruvius.
    • The Roman Composite order mixed the volute of the Ionic order with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order.
    • The Roman Tuscan order is a form of Doric column but with a smaller capital.

    Socio-Cultural Context

    • By 146 BCE, Rome had conquered Greece and absorbed its other territories.
    • Romans were uninterested in theoretical questions but were skilled engineers, military tacticians, and administrators.

    Theatre

    • Ludi were official religious festivals, Pompa was a religious procession, and Munera were honorary festivals.
    • Ludi Romani was the oldest festival in honor of Jupiter, held every September.
    • Fabula crepidata were tragedies based on Greek originals, while Fabula praetexta were tragedies based on Roman subjects.

    Roman Comic Playwrights

    • Livius Andronicus was the first playwright, coming to Rome as a prisoner of war but later freed.
    • Gnaeus Naevius was the first native playwright, writing comedies with Roman allusions added to Greek originals.
    • Titus Maccius Plautus was the first important successor, known for his comedies, witty jokes, and varied poetic meters.

    Roman Tragic Playwrights of the Republic

    • Only three recorded Roman tragedians exist from 200-75 BCE: Quintus Ennius, Marcus Ocuvius, and Luccius Accius.

    Acting Style in Tragedy and Comedy

    • Delivery in tragedy is slow, stately, and declamatory, while in comedy, it is conversational.
    • Actors specialized in one dramatic form, with movement in tragedy being slow and dignified, and lively in comedy.
    • Gestures and movement were considered enlarged, and actors did not use masks in mime.

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