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Questions and Answers
What type of joint is classified as non-movable?
Which of the following is a characteristic of fibrous joints?
What type of joint allows for slight movement?
Which joint classification includes most joints of the appendicular skeleton?
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Cartilaginous joints are primarily united by what material?
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What type of joint is an example of a diarthrosis?
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Which subclass of a fibrous joint allows for the greatest stability?
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Which of the following correctly identifies a key feature of synovial joints?
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How many cervical vertebrae are present in the vertebral column?
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Which vertebra is responsible for holding the head?
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What is one of the primary functions of the vertebral column?
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How many lumbar vertebrae are present in the vertebral column?
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Which vertebra is known for allowing the rotation of the head?
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What is the role of spinal nerves in relation to the vertebral column?
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How many sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum?
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Which function is NOT attributed to the vertebral column?
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Which bone is known as the only movable skull bone?
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Which suture divides the frontal bone from the parietal bones?
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What is the primary function of cranial sutures?
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Which bone forms part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
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What does the vomer bone contribute to in the skull?
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Which bones comprise the posterior portion of the hard palate?
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Which bones form the anterior part of the cranium?
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Which of the following bones makes up the medial surfaces of the eye orbits?
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What is the primary function of osteoblasts?
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How do osteocytes contribute to bone tissue?
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What process is referred to as ossification?
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What is the primary role of osteoclasts?
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Where do osteocytes reside within bone tissue?
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What distinguishes spongy bone from compact bone?
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What is the main mineral component formed by osteoblasts during ossification?
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What are the small channels that house osteocyte extensions called?
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Which type of synovial joint allows for biaxial movement?
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What is a characteristic movement type of hinge joints?
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Which bones are involved in the cubital joint?
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How many degrees of movement does a plane joint generally allow?
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The sternoclavicular joint is classified as which type of joint?
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Which pair of bones is primarily associated with the interphalangeal joints?
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What type of movement can the talocrural joint perform predominantly?
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The costovertebral joint allows what kind of movement?
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Which joint is classified as a complex joint?
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Which of the following joints is classified as a saddle joint?
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Study Notes
Articulations
- Articulations are the points where two bones connect.
- Articulations can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial.
- Articulations can be classified functionally based on their degree of motion as synarthroses, amphiarthroses or diarthroses.
Structural Classification of Joints
- Fibrous joints are united by fibrous connective tissue.
- Subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis and gomphoses.
- Cartilaginous joints are united by means of cartilage.
- Subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis.
- Synovial joints are joined by a fluid cavity.
- Most joints of the appendicular skeleton.
Functional Classification of Joints
- Synarthroses are non-movable joints.
- An example is the skull bone articulations.
- Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints.
- An example is between vertebrae.
- Diarthroses are freely movable joints.
- Examples are knee elbow, and wrist articulations.
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation of new bone and repair.
- Osteoblasts produce collagen and proteoglycans.
- Osteoblast secrete high concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions, forming crystals called hydroxyapatite.
- The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called ossification.
- Osteocytes maintain bone matrix and are formed osteoblasts after bone matrix has surrounded them.
- Osteocytes account for 90-95% of bone cells and are long-lived.
- Osteocyte cell bodies are housed in spaces called lacunae.
- Osteocyte cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called canaliculi.
- Osteoclasts are bone-destroying cells.
- Osteoclasts contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption.
- Bone breakdown is important for mobilizing calcium.
- As bone is broken down, the calcium goes into the blood.
Spongy and Compact Bone
- Mature bone is called lamellar bone.
- Lamellar bone is organized into thin concentric sheets called lamellae.
- Bone can be classified according to the amount of bone matrix relative to the amount of space within the bone.
- Spongy bone has less bone matrix and more space than compact bone.
- Compact bone has more bone matrix and less space.
Cranial Sutures
- The cranial bones are connected by immovable joints called sutures.
- There are four principal sutures:
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous
Cranial Bones
- Frontal bone is the anterior part of the cranium (forehead).
- Parietal bones compose the sides and roof of the cranium.
- Occipital bone compose the posterior portion and floor of the cranium.
- Temporal bones are inferior to the parietal bones on each side of the cranium.
- Temporomandibular joint
- Sphenoid bone forms part of the cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of the eye orbits, and lateral portions of the cranium anterior to temporal bones.
- Sella Turcica.
- Ethmoid bone is the anterior portion of the cranium, including the medial surface of the eye orbit and roof of the nasal cavity.
- Nasal conchae
Facial Bones
- Maxillae form the upper jaw, anterior portion of the hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, and the floors of the eye orbits.
- Maxillary sinus.
- Palatine bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate and the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
- Zygomatic bones are the cheek bones.
- They form the floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit.
- Lacrimal bones are on the medial surfaces of the eye orbits.
- Nasal bones form the bridge of the nose.
- Vomer is in the midline of the nasal cavity.
- It forms the nasal septum with the ethmoid bone.
- Inferior nasal conchae are attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
- Mandible is the lower jawbone.
- It is the only movable skull bone.
Vertebral Column
- It is formed by 26 bones.
- The vertebral column is divided into five main regions:
- 7 cervical vertebrae.
- 12 thoracic vertebrae.
- 5 lumbar vertebrae.
- 1 sacrum.
- 1 coccyx.
- Atlas is the first vertebra and holds the head.
- Axis is the second vertebra and rotates the head.
Function of the Vertebral Column
- Supports body weight.
- Protects the spinal cord.
- Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.
- Provides a site for muscle attachment.
- Provides movement of the head and trunk.
Sacrum
- Formed by 5 fused vertebrae.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane joints:
- Intervertebral joints between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.
- Acromioclavicular joints between the acromion process of the scapula and clavicle.
- Carpometacarpal joints between carpals and metacarpals 2-5.
- Costovertebral joints between ribs and vertebrae.
- Intercarpal joints between carpal bones.
- Intermetatarsal joints between metatarsal bones.
- Intertarsal joints between tarsal bones.
- Sacroiliac joints between sacrum and hip bone (complex joint with several planes and synchondroses).
- Tarsometatarsal joints between tarsal bones and metatarsal bones.
- Saddle joints:
- Carpometacapal pollicis between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
- Sternoclavicular between manubrium of sternum and clavicle
- Hinge joints:
- Cubital (elbow) between humerus, ulna, and radius.
- Knee between femur and tibia.
- Interphalangeal between phalanges.
- Talocrural (ankle) between talus, tibia, and fibula.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the types of articulations and how joints are classified both structurally and functionally. This quiz will cover key concepts such as fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints, as well as the degrees of motion in synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. Perfect for anatomy students!
