Articulations and Joint Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which type of joint allows for movement in one axis only?

Condylar joint

Hinge joint (correct)

Ball-and-socket joint

Saddle joint

What kind of movements are possible in a ball-and-socket joint?

All axes of movement including rotation (correct)

Only circumduction

Flexion and extension only

Abduction and adduction only

Which joint is known as the most freely movable joint in the human body?

Hip joint

Shoulder joint (correct)

Knee joint

Elbow joint

Which ligaments primarily contribute to the stability of the hip joint?

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints prevents the forward sliding of the femur?

Posterior cruciate ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bursa in synovial joints?

To reduce friction and absorb shock Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is classified as having long fibers between bones and is slightly movable?

Syndesmosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is primarily found in the axial skeleton and is classified as immovable?

Gomphosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main binding material in cartilaginous joints classified as synchondroses?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of joints allows for free movement and is commonly found in the appendicular skeleton?

Diarthroses Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characterized by short fibers between bones and is immovable?

Suture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples represents a cartilaginous joint classified as symphyses?

Intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

In which classification do fibrous joints fall?

Synarthroses Signup and view all the answers

What joint type is characterized by a periodontal ligament and is classified as immovable?

Gomphosis Signup and view all the answers

Which classification is based on movement, including types like synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses?

Functional classification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT typically found in a synovial joint?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement does a hinge joint primarily allow?

Flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows for movement around a bone's long axis only?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following motions changes the angle between bones?

Angular movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a synovial joint?

Has a fluid-filled joint cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint is exemplified by the interphalangeal joints in the fingers?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

What movement is characterized by a circular motion around a central point, making a cone-like shape?

Circumduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint movement is exemplified when one bone glides across the surface of another without changing the angle?

Gliding Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer forms the outer layer of a synovial joint's capsule?

Fibrous layer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a plane joint?

Articular surfaces are flat planes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Articulations

Articulations are unions or junctions between bones or rigid parts of the skeleton.
Articulations can be classified by function or structure.
Functional classification is based on the amount of movement permitted.
- Synarthroses are immovable joints, common in the axial skeleton.
- Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints, common in the axial skeleton.
- Diarthroses are freely movable joints, common in the appendicular skeleton; all synovial joints are diarthroses.
Structural classification is based on the material that binds the bones together.
- Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous connective tissue.
- Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage.
- Synovial joints have bones connected by a synovial membrane.

Types of Fibrous Joints

Sutures are short fibers between bones, and are immovable (synarthroses).
- Examples are sutures in the skull.
Syndesmoses have long fibers between bones, and are slightly movable (amphiarthroses).
- Examples are joints between the radius and ulna, or the tibia and fibula.
Gomphosis are periodontal ligaments between bones and are immovable (synarthroses).
- Examples are the roots of teeth in the jaw.

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Synchondroses are hyaline cartilage between bones and are immovable (synarthroses).
- Examples are costochondral joints and epiphyseal plates in long bones.
Symphyses are fibrocartilage between bones and are slightly movable (amphiarthroses).
- Examples are intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

Summary of Joint Classes

Fibrous:
- Adjoining bones are united by collagenic fibers.
- Types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
- Mobility: Immobile (sutures), slightly mobile (syndesmoses), immobile (gomphoses).
Cartilaginous:
- Adjoining bones are united by cartilage.
- Types: synchondroses, symphyses.
- Mobility: Immobile (synchondroses), slightly movable (symphyses).
Synovial:
- Adjoining bones are separated by a joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage, and lined with a synovial membrane.
- Types: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket.
- Mobility: Freely movable (diarthroses).

Synovial Joints

All synovial joints are diarthroses.
Key components of every synovial joint:
- Synovial fluid-filled joint cavity
- Articular cartilage- covers articulating surfaces
- Articular capsule with fibrous and synovial layers
- Reinforcing ligaments
Some synovial joints contain an articular disc.
Classification is based on the shape of joint surfaces, which determines the types of movements.

Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

Gliding - one bone glides over another; no change in the angle.
Angular movements (change the angle between the bones)
- Flexion and extension- bending and straightening
- Abduction and adduction- moving away from or towards the mid-line
- Circumduction- combination of several angular movements that create a circular motion
Rotation- bone pivots around its own long axis

Synovial Joints Classified by Shape

Plane joints: Articular surfaces are flat planes; examples include intercarpal, intertarsal, and acromioclavicular joints; gliding is the primary movement type;
Hinge joints: Uniaxial, permitting only flexion and extension; Examples include elbow, knee, and interphalangeal joints;
Pivot joints: Uniaxial, allowing only rotation; Examples include the radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints
Condylar joints (ellipsoid): Biaxial, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction; examples include radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
Saddle joints: Biaxial, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction, and opposition; example including thumb (1st carpometacarpal) joint
Ball-and-socket joints: Multiaxial, allowing movement in all axes; examples include shoulder and hip joints

Selected Synovial Joints

Shoulder: most freely movable joint; lacks stability; articular capsule is thin and loose; glenohumeral ligaments, coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament stabilize this joint; muscles also aid in stability.
Elbow: hinge joint with the humeroulnar joint; allows for flexion/extension; radio-ulnar joints also allow supination and pronation; important ligaments are ulnar collateral, radial collateral and annular.
Hip: ball and socket structure; limited movement by ligaments and acetabulum; head of femur fits into acetabulum; stability comes from acetabulum and ligaments – iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral.
Knee: acts primarily as hinge joint; two fibrocartilage menisci within cavity; femoral-patellar joint lets the patella glide; important ligaments are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and collateral ligaments.

Bursa and Tendon Sheaths

Bursae are membrane-bound pockets filled with synovial fluid found where tendons or ligaments rub against bones.
Reduce friction, shock absorption.
Tendon sheaths are bursae that extend alongside tendons.

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Description

Explore the different types of articulations in the human skeleton, focusing on functional and structural classifications. This quiz will test your understanding of synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses, and various types of fibrous joints. Prepare to dive into the fascinating world of joints and their functions.