Acute Respiratory Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the respiratory symptoms commonly associated with MERS-CoV?

  • Headache
  • Shortness of breath (correct)
  • Nausea
  • Skin rash

    • Which underlying condition increases the risk for developing severe COVID-19 infection?

  • Cataracts
  • Chronic migraines
  • Seasonal allergies
  • Obesity (correct)

    • Which protein does the coronavirus spike bind to on host cells?

  • ACE 2 (correct)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Cholesterol
  • Insulin

    • What novel symptom might some patients experience that is associated with 'Long Covid'?

    <p>Prolonged neurological illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes SARS from COVID-19 in terms of symptom variability?

    <p>COVID-19 has a wider range of symptom severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is NOT mentioned as having a higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection?

    <p>Healthy young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with a COVID-19 infection?

    <p>Rash on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary natural reservoir for SARS-related coronaviruses?

    <p>Bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom can occur alongside respiratory symptoms in some COVID-19 patients?

    <p>Gastrointestinal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a recognized characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to the original SARS virus?

    <p>It is closely related to the original SARS virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Widespread inflammation of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hantavirus is primarily found in the United States?

    <p>Sin Nombre Hantavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant environmental factor contributing to the 1993 hantavirus outbreak in Yosemite?

    <p>Increased rainfall due to El Niño</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical initial symptom of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Sin Nombre virus primarily transmitted to humans?

    <p>Inhalation of dried rodent urine/feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What first allowed the SARS-CoV virus to spread among humans?

    <p>Consumption of civets in China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate associated with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents are classified under the group of infectious agents that can cause ARDS?

    <p>Sin Nombre Hantavirus and MERS-Coronavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the origin of the SARS coronavirus?

    <p>It originated in bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is Sin Nombre Hantavirus?

    <p>Enveloped RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sin Nombre virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected rodents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome has a mortality rate of approximately 50%.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The SARS-CoV virus was first reported in Europe in 2003.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bats are the original hosts for the SARS-coronavirus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sin Nombre hantavirus is a DNA virus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    El Niño caused a decrease in rodent populations, leading to reduced hantavirus cases in 1993.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SARS-CoV is spread through droplets or direct contact between humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hantaviruses can be considered emerging viruses in the United States.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Initial symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome include a runny nose and sore throat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals infected with MERS-CoV typically develop mild respiratory symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The consumption of civets by humans played a role in the mutation of the SARS virus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bats are known to be a natural reservoir for SARS-related coronaviruses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SARS-CoV-2 is unrelated to the original SARS virus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    COVID-19 can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms in some patients.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ACE 2 protein is critical for the coronavirus to bind to host cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long Covid refers to temporary symptoms that resolve quickly after recovering from COVID-19.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals over 40 years old are at a higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory distress is a potential outcome of severe COVID-19 cases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of COVID-19 can only start off severe and worsen over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MERS is caused by a different strain of coronavirus than the one responsible for COVID-19.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal is believed to be the origin of the MERS coronavirus?

    <p>Domesticated camels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does MERS compare to common strains of coronavirus?

    <p>MERS can lead to severe outcomes like pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is MERS potentially dangerous for humans?

    <p>It is new to humans and the immune system may not be prepared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated mortality rate for MERS infections?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you experience symptoms similar to MERS after being on vacation in Saudi Arabia?

    <p>Consult a doctor for evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the spread of MERS coronavirus been characterized?

    <p>Very limited and slow spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the worry regarding MERS?

    <p>It can cause respiratory failure and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with MERS?

    <p>Runny nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for COVID-19 cases where individuals do not show symptoms?

    <p>Asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for COVID-19, after which symptoms may begin to appear?

    <p>4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has been observed to be less likely to contract COVID-19 and experience symptoms?

    <p>Ages 2 to 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response might asymptomatic individuals have in relation to health care needs?

    <p>Decreased likelihood of emergency care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the immune response in children compared to adults in relation to SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Children’s immune systems are often more adaptable to novel pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant effects of asymptomatic COVID-19 infections that researchers are monitoring?

    <p>Likelihood of severe symptoms appearing in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mild symptoms of COVID-19 categorize a case?

    <p>They define it as symptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the asymptomatic cases of COVID-19?

    <p>They can still have long-term effects on the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as a potential consequence of the immune systems of younger individuals?

    <p>They encounter fewer novel pathogens than adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ACE2 receptors play in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infections?

    <p>They help unlock and infect host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of TMPRSS2 protein relate to SARS-CoV-2 infection severity?

    <p>Fewer TMPRSS2 proteins may limit infection severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research suggest about innate immune responses in asymptomatic individuals?

    <p>They are better at quickly clearing the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic response of immune systems in individuals with asymptomatic COVID-19?

    <p>Calm and efficient response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the immune system's ability to push back against a pathogen?

    <p>Immunological resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential relationship between ACE2 levels and severe symptoms in older adults?

    <p>ACE2 levels drop beyond age 60, contributing to more severe symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prior exposure to other coronaviruses potentially affect SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes?

    <p>It could aid the immune system in responding faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research indicated about the immune responses of symptomatic versus asymptomatic individuals?

    <p>Asymptomatic individuals show muted immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In children, what factor may protect against severe symptoms from SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Lower presence of ACE2 in their tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome can result from an overly aggressive immune response to a pathogen?

    <p>Increased tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some individuals remain asymptomatic after contracting SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>They possess fewer ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of immune responses in asymptomatic COVID-19 infections remains unclear?

    <p>Specific cellular mechanisms involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do immune systems in asymptomatic individuals manage to control infections according to recent observations?

    <p>By maintaining a balanced response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothesis is suggested regarding the role of mucus in viral infections?

    <p>Mucus may physically block viruses from infecting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge researchers face when studying asymptomatic COVID-19 infections?

    <p>Understanding the complex immune systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of interferon proteins indicate about a person's immune response to COVID-19?

    <p>They help in signaling and attacking viral infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do T cells play in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>They help in coordinating the immune response to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has spurred increased research into the immune system's responses to COVID-19?

    <p>Mysteries surrounding asymptomatic cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about immune responses to pathogens is accurate based on the findings?

    <p>Calm immune systems may lead to lesser symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is excessive resistance by the immune system potentially harmful?

    <p>It may cause harm to healthy body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - Infectious Agents

    • ARDS is a severe, life-threatening lung condition with inflammation, fluid buildup, and damaged lung blood vessels.
    • Several infectious agents can cause ARDS, including:
      • Sin Nombre Hantavirus
      • SARS-Coronavirus 1
      • MERS-Coronavirus
      • SARS-CoV-2

    Sin Nombre Hantavirus

    • Hantaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses (Bunyaviridae family)
    • In the US, Sin Nombre Hantavirus ("nameless virus") is the only type.
    • Transmitted through inhalation of dried rodent urine/feces in dust.
    • 1993 Yosemite outbreak linked to rodent wastes in cabins.
    • Considered an emerging virus in the US.
    • First identified in the Four Corners region (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico) in 1993.
    • Associated with increased deer mouse populations (due to high rainfall and piñon nut abundance).
    • Causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
    • Initial symptoms: Fever, chills, muscle pain (myalgia).
    • Subsequent symptoms: Cough, shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory failure, and possible death within days.
    • ~50% mortality rate.

    SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

    • Caused by SARS-associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
    • Originated in Asia (2003).
    • Spread globally to many countries.
    • Originated in bats, then infected palm civets and ferret badgers.
    • Transmission to humans via consumption of civets in China selected mutations for easier human transmission.
    • Transmitted by droplets or physical contact.
    • Symptoms: Fever, body aches, malaise.
    • Respiratory symptoms (including breathing problems) can be present.
    • Severe cases can result in respiratory distress and death.

    MERS (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome)

    • Caused by MERS-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
    • Emerged in the Middle East.
    • Most infected develop severe acute respiratory illness.
    • Symptoms: Fever, cough, shortness of breath.
    • Similar mortality rate to SARS.

    SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

    • SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV.
    • The virus's spike protein (S glycoprotein) binds to a host cell receptor (ACE2) on mucosal cells.
    • ACE2 is involved in blood pressure regulation.
    • Primarily found on respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosal cells.
    • Bats are a natural reservoir for SARS-related coronaviruses (96% identical strains found in wild bats).
    • COVID-19 is a respiratory illness with varying symptom severity.
    • Symptoms can include (but aren't limited to):
      • Cough
      • Congestion/runny nose
      • Fever/chills
      • Diarrhea
      • Shortness of breath
      • Loss of taste/smell
    • Can range from mild to severe.
    • Higher risk of severe infection in individuals over 60 and those with underlying conditions.
    • Some cases have gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea).
    • "Long COVID" is possible, where patients experience prolonged respiratory, cardiac and/or neurological issues after recovery (months to years).

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    Description

    Explore the relationship between Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and various infectious agents like Hantavirus and SARS. This quiz delves into the causes, symptoms, and historical outbreaks associated with ARDS. Test your knowledge on these critical health topics.

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