Acute Respiratory Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the respiratory symptoms commonly associated with MERS-CoV?

  • Headache
  • Shortness of breath (correct)
  • Nausea
  • Skin rash

Which underlying condition increases the risk for developing severe COVID-19 infection?

  • Cataracts
  • Chronic migraines
  • Seasonal allergies
  • Obesity (correct)

Which protein does the coronavirus spike bind to on host cells?

  • ACE 2 (correct)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Cholesterol
  • Insulin

What novel symptom might some patients experience that is associated with 'Long Covid'?

<p>Prolonged neurological illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes SARS from COVID-19 in terms of symptom variability?

<p>COVID-19 has a wider range of symptom severity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is NOT mentioned as having a higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection?

<p>Healthy young adults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT typically associated with a COVID-19 infection?

<p>Rash on the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary natural reservoir for SARS-related coronaviruses?

<p>Bats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom can occur alongside respiratory symptoms in some COVID-19 patients?

<p>Gastrointestinal symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a recognized characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to the original SARS virus?

<p>It is closely related to the original SARS virus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

<p>Widespread inflammation of the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hantavirus is primarily found in the United States?

<p>Sin Nombre Hantavirus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant environmental factor contributing to the 1993 hantavirus outbreak in Yosemite?

<p>Increased rainfall due to El Niño (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical initial symptom of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

<p>Fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Sin Nombre virus primarily transmitted to humans?

<p>Inhalation of dried rodent urine/feces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What first allowed the SARS-CoV virus to spread among humans?

<p>Consumption of civets in China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate associated with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agents are classified under the group of infectious agents that can cause ARDS?

<p>Sin Nombre Hantavirus and MERS-Coronavirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the origin of the SARS coronavirus?

<p>It originated in bats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is Sin Nombre Hantavirus?

<p>Enveloped RNA virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sin Nombre virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected rodents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome has a mortality rate of approximately 50%.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SARS-CoV virus was first reported in Europe in 2003.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bats are the original hosts for the SARS-coronavirus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sin Nombre hantavirus is a DNA virus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

El Niño caused a decrease in rodent populations, leading to reduced hantavirus cases in 1993.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

SARS-CoV is spread through droplets or direct contact between humans.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hantaviruses can be considered emerging viruses in the United States.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initial symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome include a runny nose and sore throat.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals infected with MERS-CoV typically develop mild respiratory symptoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The consumption of civets by humans played a role in the mutation of the SARS virus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bats are known to be a natural reservoir for SARS-related coronaviruses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

SARS-CoV-2 is unrelated to the original SARS virus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

COVID-19 can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms in some patients.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ACE 2 protein is critical for the coronavirus to bind to host cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Long Covid refers to temporary symptoms that resolve quickly after recovering from COVID-19.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals over 40 years old are at a higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory distress is a potential outcome of severe COVID-19 cases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of COVID-19 can only start off severe and worsen over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MERS is caused by a different strain of coronavirus than the one responsible for COVID-19.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)?

<p>Shortness of breath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What animal is believed to be the origin of the MERS coronavirus?

<p>Domesticated camels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does MERS compare to common strains of coronavirus?

<p>MERS can lead to severe outcomes like pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is MERS potentially dangerous for humans?

<p>It is new to humans and the immune system may not be prepared (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated mortality rate for MERS infections?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you experience symptoms similar to MERS after being on vacation in Saudi Arabia?

<p>Consult a doctor for evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the spread of MERS coronavirus been characterized?

<p>Very limited and slow spread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the worry regarding MERS?

<p>It can cause respiratory failure and death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with MERS?

<p>Runny nose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for COVID-19 cases where individuals do not show symptoms?

<p>Asymptomatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for COVID-19, after which symptoms may begin to appear?

<p>4 to 14 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has been observed to be less likely to contract COVID-19 and experience symptoms?

<p>Ages 2 to 13 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of response might asymptomatic individuals have in relation to health care needs?

<p>Decreased likelihood of emergency care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the immune response in children compared to adults in relation to SARS-CoV-2?

<p>Children’s immune systems are often more adaptable to novel pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant effects of asymptomatic COVID-19 infections that researchers are monitoring?

<p>Likelihood of severe symptoms appearing in the future (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mild symptoms of COVID-19 categorize a case?

<p>They define it as symptomatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of the asymptomatic cases of COVID-19?

<p>They can still have long-term effects on the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted as a potential consequence of the immune systems of younger individuals?

<p>They encounter fewer novel pathogens than adults. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ACE2 receptors play in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infections?

<p>They help unlock and infect host cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of TMPRSS2 protein relate to SARS-CoV-2 infection severity?

<p>Fewer TMPRSS2 proteins may limit infection severity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest about innate immune responses in asymptomatic individuals?

<p>They are better at quickly clearing the virus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic response of immune systems in individuals with asymptomatic COVID-19?

<p>Calm and efficient response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the immune system's ability to push back against a pathogen?

<p>Immunological resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential relationship between ACE2 levels and severe symptoms in older adults?

<p>ACE2 levels drop beyond age 60, contributing to more severe symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prior exposure to other coronaviruses potentially affect SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes?

<p>It could aid the immune system in responding faster. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has recent research indicated about the immune responses of symptomatic versus asymptomatic individuals?

<p>Asymptomatic individuals show muted immune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In children, what factor may protect against severe symptoms from SARS-CoV-2?

<p>Lower presence of ACE2 in their tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome can result from an overly aggressive immune response to a pathogen?

<p>Increased tissue damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some individuals remain asymptomatic after contracting SARS-CoV-2?

<p>They possess fewer ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of immune responses in asymptomatic COVID-19 infections remains unclear?

<p>Specific cellular mechanisms involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do immune systems in asymptomatic individuals manage to control infections according to recent observations?

<p>By maintaining a balanced response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis is suggested regarding the role of mucus in viral infections?

<p>Mucus may physically block viruses from infecting cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge researchers face when studying asymptomatic COVID-19 infections?

<p>Understanding the complex immune systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of interferon proteins indicate about a person's immune response to COVID-19?

<p>They help in signaling and attacking viral infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do T cells play in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2?

<p>They help in coordinating the immune response to pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has spurred increased research into the immune system's responses to COVID-19?

<p>Mysteries surrounding asymptomatic cases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about immune responses to pathogens is accurate based on the findings?

<p>Calm immune systems may lead to lesser symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is excessive resistance by the immune system potentially harmful?

<p>It may cause harm to healthy body tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sin Nombre Hantavirus

An enveloped RNA virus causing Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS).

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

A severe lung disease caused by Sin Nombre hantavirus.

SARS-Coronavirus

A coronavirus causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A severe respiratory illness caused by SARS-Coronavirus.

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SARS-CoV

The virus responsible for SARS.

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Emerging Virus

A virus whose presence or incidence of infection has increased recently in a given area or population.

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Rodent Reservoir

An animal that carries and transmits an infection or disease to another host.

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Pulmonary Edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

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Bunyaviridae Family

Family name for hantaviruses.

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Symptoms of HPS

Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle pain, progressing to a cough and shortness of breath.

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SARS Symptoms

Fever, body aches, malaise, and potential respiratory distress (severe cases).

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ACE2 Protein

A receptor on mucosal cells that SARS-CoV-2 binds to.

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COVID-19 Symptoms

Varying, often including cough, congestion, fever, diarrhea, shortness of breath, and loss/taste/smell changes.

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Long COVID

Prolonged symptoms (respiratory, cardiac, neurological) after COVID-19 recovery.

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Bat Reservoir

Bats are a natural host for SARS-related coronaviruses.

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COVID-19 and GI

Some COVID-19 patients experience gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea, in addition to or instead of respiratory symptoms.

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Spike Protein

The S glycoprotein on the coronavirus that binds to host cells.

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COVID-19 Severity

COVID-19 can cause varying degrees of illness, from mild to life-threatening.

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What is Sin Nombre Hantavirus?

A type of hantavirus found in the US, carried by rodents, specifically deer mice, and spread through their droppings, saliva, and urine.

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How is Sin Nombre Hantavirus transmitted?

It's spread via inhaling dried rodent feces or urine, usually in dust, often in enclosed spaces like cabins or sheds.

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What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

A severe lung disease caused by Sin Nombre hantavirus, with symptoms like fever, muscle pain, and shortness of breath, leading to fluid build-up in the lungs.

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What's the mortality rate of HPS?

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) has a high mortality rate of around 50%, meaning half of those infected may die.

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What is SARS-CoV?

The virus responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a contagious respiratory illness.

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What were the origins of SARS-CoV?

SARS-CoV originated in bats and spread to humans via an intermediary animal, the civet, which humans consumed.

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What is SARS-CoV-2?

A different coronavirus causing COVID-19, a more recent and globally widespread respiratory illness.

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How is SARS-CoV-2 spread?

SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes.

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Why are coronaviruses 'zoonotic'?

Coronaviruses can jump from animals to humans, which is how SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats before being transmitted to humans.

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What is an emerging virus?

A virus that has recently become more common or widespread in a particular region, like Sin Nombre hantavirus in the US.

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

The S glycoprotein on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for attaching to host cells like those in the respiratory tract.

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COVID-19 Respiratory Symptoms

The most common symptoms include cough, congestion or runny nose, fever or chills, shortness of breath, and loss of taste or smell.

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COVID-19 Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Some patients experience diarrhea, either in place of or alongside respiratory symptoms.

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COVID-19: Risk Factors for Severe Infection

Individuals over 60 years old and those with underlying health conditions are more likely to experience severe complications from COVID-19.

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MERS

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, a deadly viral infection caused by a coronavirus, most cases have been found in the Middle East.

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Coronavirus

A large family of viruses that cause disease in humans and animals, like SARS and the common cold.

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What are MERS symptoms?

Symptoms include fever, coughing, shortness of breath, and in severe cases may lead to pneumonia, diarrhea, kidney failure and death.

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MERS Transmission

Spread primarily through close contact with infected people, possibly also through infected animals like camels.

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What is a novel virus?

A virus new to humans, for which the human immune system has no prior defense mechanism.

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What is a zoonotic virus?

A virus that originates from animals and then spreads to humans.

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Why is MERS potentially dangerous?

It's a new virus to humans, making it difficult for our immune system to fight, and it's often severe, with a high death rate.

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Treatment for MERS

There's no specific treatment for MERS, but most cases are mild and recovery is possible with supportive care.

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What is a good precaution against MERS?

Consult a doctor if you have symptoms, especially if you have recently traveled to the Middle East.

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MERS vs. Common Cold

MERS is a serious illness with a high death rate, while the common cold is usually mild and doesn't cause severe complications.

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Asymptomatic COVID-19

A case of COVID-19 where the infected person doesn't show any symptoms of the illness.

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Incubation Period

The time between when a person is infected with a virus and when they start to experience symptoms.

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Presymptomatic

Describes the period before symptoms appear, but after a person is infected.

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COVID-19 Symptom Range

The variety of symptoms experienced by people with COVID-19, from mild to severe, including loss of taste/smell, breathing difficulties, and heart problems.

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Children and COVID-19

Children under 18, especially those between 2 and 13, tend to be less likely to get COVID-19 or experience severe symptoms.

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Novel Pathogens

Disease-causing agents that have not been encountered by a person's immune system before.

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COVID-19 and Long-Term Effects

Asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 may still lead to long-term health complications.

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Why Don't Some People Feel COVID-19?

There isn't one single answer to why some people don't show COVID-19 symptoms, suggesting various factors contribute.

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ACE2 Receptor

A protein on the surface of human cells that SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter and infect cells.

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TMPRSS2 Protein

Another protein on the surface of cells that helps SARS-CoV-2 infect cells, working in conjunction with ACE2.

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Nasopharynx

The area at the back of the nose and top of the throat where SARS-CoV-2 typically enters the body.

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Asymptomatic Infection

Infection with a virus like SARS-CoV-2 without showing any symptoms.

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Innate Immunity

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, including things like mucus and immune cells.

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Interferons

Proteins produced by the immune system to fight viruses, by interfering with their replication.

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Adaptive Immunity

The part of the immune system that 'remembers' past infections and can target specific pathogens.

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T Cells

White blood cells that are central to adaptive immunity, helping to recognize and destroy specific pathogens.

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Primed Immune Response

When the immune system is more prepared to fight a pathogen due to previous exposure to similar viruses.

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Mucus Coating

A layer of mucus in the nasopharynx that can act as a physical barrier to prevent viruses from infecting cells.

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Muted Immune Response

A weaker immune system response to an infection, characterized by lower levels of immune signaling molecules and antibodies.

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Disease Resistance

The immune system's ability to fight off a pathogen effectively.

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Immune System Overreaction

An excessive immune response to an infection, potentially leading to tissue damage and more severe symptoms.

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Balanced Immune Response

An optimal immune response that effectively combats infection without causing excessive damage.

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T Cells and Immune Response

T Cells play a key role in determining the strength and type of immune response to an infection.

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Asymptomatic COVID-19: Why Some Don't Get Sick

There's no single answer. Multiple factors, like pre-existing immunity, early virus control, or a calm and efficient immune response, could play a role.

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Immune System Research

The study of the immune system, its complex mechanisms, and how it responds to infections.

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Importance of Research

Scientific research helps us understand complex phenomena like asymptomatic infections, allowing us to develop better preventative and treatment strategies.

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Asymptomatic COVID-19: More Questions than Answers

While research reveals some potential explanations for asymptomatic infections, more investigation is needed to fully understand the phenomenon.

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Study Notes

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - Infectious Agents

  • ARDS is a severe, life-threatening lung condition with inflammation, fluid buildup, and damaged lung blood vessels.
  • Several infectious agents can cause ARDS, including:
    • Sin Nombre Hantavirus
    • SARS-Coronavirus 1
    • MERS-Coronavirus
    • SARS-CoV-2

Sin Nombre Hantavirus

  • Hantaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses (Bunyaviridae family)
  • In the US, Sin Nombre Hantavirus ("nameless virus") is the only type.
  • Transmitted through inhalation of dried rodent urine/feces in dust.
  • 1993 Yosemite outbreak linked to rodent wastes in cabins.
  • Considered an emerging virus in the US.
  • First identified in the Four Corners region (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico) in 1993.
  • Associated with increased deer mouse populations (due to high rainfall and piñon nut abundance).
  • Causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
  • Initial symptoms: Fever, chills, muscle pain (myalgia).
  • Subsequent symptoms: Cough, shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory failure, and possible death within days.
  • ~50% mortality rate.

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

  • Caused by SARS-associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
  • Originated in Asia (2003).
  • Spread globally to many countries.
  • Originated in bats, then infected palm civets and ferret badgers.
  • Transmission to humans via consumption of civets in China selected mutations for easier human transmission.
  • Transmitted by droplets or physical contact.
  • Symptoms: Fever, body aches, malaise.
  • Respiratory symptoms (including breathing problems) can be present.
  • Severe cases can result in respiratory distress and death.

MERS (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome)

  • Caused by MERS-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
  • Emerged in the Middle East.
  • Most infected develop severe acute respiratory illness.
  • Symptoms: Fever, cough, shortness of breath.
  • Similar mortality rate to SARS.

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

  • SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV.
  • The virus's spike protein (S glycoprotein) binds to a host cell receptor (ACE2) on mucosal cells.
  • ACE2 is involved in blood pressure regulation.
  • Primarily found on respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosal cells.
  • Bats are a natural reservoir for SARS-related coronaviruses (96% identical strains found in wild bats).
  • COVID-19 is a respiratory illness with varying symptom severity.
  • Symptoms can include (but aren't limited to):
    • Cough
    • Congestion/runny nose
    • Fever/chills
    • Diarrhea
    • Shortness of breath
    • Loss of taste/smell
  • Can range from mild to severe.
  • Higher risk of severe infection in individuals over 60 and those with underlying conditions.
  • Some cases have gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea).
  • "Long COVID" is possible, where patients experience prolonged respiratory, cardiac and/or neurological issues after recovery (months to years).

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Description

Explore the relationship between Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and various infectious agents like Hantavirus and SARS. This quiz delves into the causes, symptoms, and historical outbreaks associated with ARDS. Test your knowledge on these critical health topics.

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