Architecture of Computers Chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main language categories in computer programming, starting from the machine level?

  • Machine language, assembler, high-level language (correct)
  • Machine language, high-level language, assembler
  • High-level language, assembler, machine language

    • Assembly language is the most abstract way of writing program instructions.

    False

    What is the purpose of the "MOV" instruction?

  • To compare two values.
  • To multiply the contents of a register.
  • To move data from one location to another. (correct)

    • What does the "LEA" instruction do?

    <p>The LEA instruction transfers the address of a memory word to a register.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical addressing modes used in assembly programming?

    <p>Register addressing, indirect addressing, and indexed addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Register indirect addressing allows data to be accessed only through a pointer register.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the "PUSH" and "POP" instructions?

    <p>The PUSH instruction stores data onto the stack, while the POP instruction retrieves data from the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instruction is used to exchange the contents of two operands?

    <p>XCHG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instructions are used for input and output operations in assembly language?

    <p>IN and OUT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a "JMP" and a "Jcond" instruction?

    <p>The JMP instruction always jumps to the specified location, while the Jcond instruction jumps only if the condition is satisfied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What addressing mode combines both base and index addressing?

    <p>Index based addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data structure is used to save return addresses in assembly language?

    <p>Stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "CALL" instruction saves both the return address and the segment address.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a program transition from a higher-level language (like C) to machine code that the CPU can execute?

    <p>The program goes through two key steps: compilation (from high-level code to assembly language) and assembly (from assembly code to machine code).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a compiler?

    <p>To translate high-level language into assembly language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a machine instruction, and what is its significance?

    <p>A machine instruction is a specific binary code that the CPU directly understands and executes. It's the fundamental building block of programs at the lowest level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the machine instruction specifies the operation to be performed?

    <p>Op. Code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A machine language instruction can be broken down into separate fields to represent various aspects of the instruction, such as the addressing mode and the destination register.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the "D" field in a machine instruction?

    <p>The &quot;D&quot; field indicates whether the register is a source (D=0) or destination (D=1) for data transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "W" field in a machine instruction represent?

    <p>The size of the data being operated on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the purpose of the "MOD" field in a machine instruction.

    <p>The &quot;MOD&quot; field specifies the addressing mode used to locate the data involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Machine instructions are never influenced by any specific machine code generation rules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which addressing mode does the "MOV R(M), R(M)" instruction use?

    <p>Register addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the "MOV Acc, M" instruction often more efficient compared to "MOV R(M), Data" while moving data from memory?

    <p>Because it uses fewer bytes in the machine code representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instruction utilizes a sign extended version of the immediate value before performing the addition operation?

    <p>ADD R(M), Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Architecture of Computers - L2ING - Chapter 3 - Notions about Computer Instructions

    • This chapter covers machine language, assembler, and high-level languages.
    • It also details usual machine instructions.
    • Finally, it explains compilation and assembly principles.

    Assembly Language

    • Assembly language is a symbolic representation of machine language.
    • It is closer to machine language than high-level languages.
    • Instructions are symbolic and easier to understand than machine code.
    • Each assembly instruction corresponds to a single machine instruction.

    Common Machine Instructions

    • Register Addressing: Uses CPU internal registers for source and destination.
    • Example: MOV AX, BX
    • Immediate Addressing: The operand is a value within the instruction itself.
    • Example: MOV AX, 5
    • Direct Addressing: The operand contains the address of the data in memory.
    • Example: MOV AX, [1234H]
    • Register Indirect Addressing (Based): Accesses data using a base register.
    • Example: MOV AX, [BX]
    • Register Indirect Addressing (Based+Dep): Uses a base register with displacement.
    • Example: MOV AX, [BX+0002H]
    • Register Indirect Addressing (Pointer): Uses a pointer register for accessing data.
    • Example: MOV AX, [BP]
    • Indexed Addressing: Similar to based addressing but uses SI or DI index registers
    • Example: MOV AX, [SI]
    • Indexed Addressing + Dep: Combines indexed addressing with displacement.
    • Example: MOV AX, [BX+SI+0200H]

    Common Machine Instructions - Interdictions

    • Immediate values cannot be directly assigned to segment registers
    • Example instructions include MOV Val_1, Val_2, MOV AL, BX, MOV DS, ES, MOV DS, 1000H, MOV Mot 1, Mot 2

    Common Machine Instructions - Transfer Instructions (Loading, Storage)

    • Allows data movement from one location (source) to another (destination)
    • Register to register
    • Register to memory
    • Memory to register
    • Instructions include: MOV, PUSH, POP, XCHG, IN, OUT, LEA

    Common Machine Instructions - Logical (bit) Instructions

    • Basic logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, XOR, TEST and bit shifts SHL, SHR
    • Example: AND Destination, Source

    Common Machine Instructions - Arithmetic Instructions

    • Basic arithmetic operations like ADD, SUB, MUL, CMP
    • ADD is for addition, SUB is for subtraction, MUL is for multiplication, CMP is for comparison.
    • Example instructions add AX, [1234H]

    Common Machine Instructions - Jump or Plug Instructions

    • JMP: Unconditional jump.
    • Jcond: Conditional jump, jumps to Label if a condition (cond) holds true.
    • Example conditional jump instructions include JZ, JNZ, JE, JNE, JA, JAE, JB, JBE, JG, JGE, JL, JLE, LOOP etc.

    Stack Segment/SS

    • Part of central memory, follows LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) principle.
    • It has special purpose registers,like SP (Stack Pointer) and SS (Stack Segment)
    • Used for procedure calls, returns, temporary storage, and data handling.
    • Methods of use include explicit (PUSH, POP) and implicit (procedure calls, returns).
    • Explicit and implicit usages are through method calls and returns

    Compilation and Assembly Principles

    • High-level language code is converted into assembly language and then to machine code (0s and 1s).

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    ARCHI 2 - Chapter 3 (1) PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts of machine language, assembly language, and high-level programming in Chapter 3 of the Architecture of Computers. This quiz covers typical machine instructions, their forms of addressing, and the principles behind compilation and assembly. Test your understanding of these foundational topics in computer architecture.

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