Architecture of Computers Chapter 3

The language closest to the machine's language, using symbolic representations of instructions and operands. It's user-friendly compared to machine language.

The language understood directly by the CPU, represented in binary code (0s and 1s). It's a low-level language with instructions for basic operations.

A programming language designed for human readability and ease of use. It requires translation into lower-level code (machine or assembly) before execution.

The process of converting high-level language code into machine code. The compiler analyzes the code and produces a sequence of machine instructions.

The process of converting assembly language into machine code. The assembler translates symbolic instructions into their binary equivalents.

A method of addressing memory locations using CPU internal registers. The instruction itself contains the register name holding the operand.

A method of addressing memory locations where the actual value of the operand is directly embedded within the instruction.

A method of addressing memory locations where the instruction carries the address of the data in memory.

A method of addressing memory locations using a base register plus a displacement value. The base register points to a starting address, and the displacement specifies the offset from that address.

A method of addressing memory locations using an index register. The index register holds an offset value that is added to a base address (usually the starting location of data).

A method of addressing memory locations that combines both based and indexed addressing. The instruction contains both a base register and an index register.

Instructions that perform calculations on binary data, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Instructions that manipulate data at the bit level, like AND, OR, XOR, NOT, SHL, SHR.

Instructions that move data from one location to another. Operations like moving data from register to register, register to memory, or memory to register.

Instructions that control the flow of program execution. They decide which instruction to execute next, for example, jumping to a specific location or branching conditionally based on some condition.

An instruction that allows data to be transferred to a CPU internal register. It can transfer data from memory, another register, or an immediate value.

An instruction that swaps the contents of two specified operands. The values of the two operands are exchanged.

An instruction that performs a logical AND operation on two operands. It returns 1 for each bit where both operands have 1, otherwise it returns 0.

An instruction that performs a logical OR operation on two operands. It returns 1 if at least one of the operands has 1 in the same position.

An instruction that performs a logical XOR operation on two operands. It returns 1 if only one of the operands has a 1 in the same position.

An instruction that performs a logical NOT operation on a single operand. It inverts the bits of the operand (0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0).

An instruction that performs a logical AND operation on two operands, but instead of changing the operand value, it only sets status flags based on the result of the operation.

An instruction that shifts the bits of an operand to the left by a specified number of positions. Each shift to the left multiplies the value by 2.

An instruction that shifts the bits of an operand to the right by a specified number of positions. Each shift to the right divides the value by 2.

An instruction that performs an addition operation on two operands, adding the source operand to the destination operand.

An instruction that performs a subtraction operation on two operands, subtracting the source operand from the destination operand.

An instruction that performs a multiplication operation on two operands, multiplying the accumulator (AL or AX) by a specified operand.

An instruction that performs a comparison operation on two operands. It subtracts the source operand from the destination operand, but the result is not stored. Instead, status flags are set, providing information about the result of the comparison.

An instruction that performs an unconditional jump to a specified address in the program. It transfers program execution to the instruction labeled with the specified address.

An instruction that performs a conditional jump to a specified address in the program. It only jumps when the specified condition is met. Otherwise, the program execution continues to the next instruction.

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