AR in Teaching English as a Foreign Language
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Questions and Answers

Which research design was most adopted in studies between 2017 and 2018?

  • Qualitative Design
  • Review Studies
  • Quantitative Design (correct)
  • Mixed Methods Design
  • What percentage of the examined studies used questionnaires as a data collection tool?

  • 28%
  • 14%
  • 39%
  • 43% (correct)
  • In which year did qualitative research begin to be adopted in the studies?

  • 2015
  • 2008
  • 2019
  • 2012 (correct)
  • Which data collection tool was used most frequently in studies conducted in 2015?

    <p>Achievement Tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend was observed in the use of questionnaires starting from 2016?

    <p>Increased usage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data collection tool had the highest reported frequency?

    <p>Questionnaires (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the frequency of observations recorded as the highest?

    <p>2013 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key benefit of augmented reality (AR) technology in language learning?

    <p>It increases learners’ interest and positive attitudes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of alternative assessment tools recorded?

    <p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following variables is cited as having an indirect influence on learner motivation?

    <p>Perceived usefulness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year did the frequency of questionnaires first exceed 4?

    <p>2012 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research design is predominantly used in studies examining AR integration?

    <p>Quasi-experimental designs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers prefer quantitative methods in AR-related studies?

    <p>They can provide objective evaluations of effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of data collection tools are listed in the content?

    <p>6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the frequency of interviews or focus group interviews in 2017?

    <p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the research analyzed adopted quasi-experimental designs?

    <p>29% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tool had the lowest frequency recorded?

    <p>Alternative assessment tools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content analysis, how does the adoption of qualitative research designs compare to quantitative designs?

    <p>Quantitative designs are favored more due to their objectivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data collection tool showed the least variability in frequency over the years?

    <p>Alternative assessment tools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for adopting experimental designs in research on AR integration?

    <p>Ease of data collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of qualitative research designs noted in the content analysis?

    <p>They are too subjective in analyzing effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the AR game have on learning progress in comparison to traditional methods?

    <p>It promoted learning progress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study specifically aimed to use MOW in teaching English animal names?

    <p>Barreira et al. (2012) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the outcomes of using the HELLO AR tool?

    <p>Enhanced listening and speaking skills in English. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary limitation noted regarding the meta-analysis studies on AR integration?

    <p>There is a scarcity of systematic studies in the field. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which review study examined 19 studies related to the contributions and limitations of AR in language education?

    <p>Khoshnevisan and Le (2018) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What focus area was primarily studied in the 10 studies reviewed by Zhang (2018)?

    <p>English as a foreign language and vocabulary learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis aims to provide new insights into the research on AR in language education?

    <p>Quantitative bibliometric analysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the factors affecting perceived satisfaction when using the AR tool?

    <p>System quality and perceived self-efficacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the examined studies used quantitative research design?

    <p>72% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variable was studied the most in the reviewed studies?

    <p>Learning/Academic Achievement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following variables was analyzed in only 1 study?

    <p>Cultural Understanding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method trend had the least representation among the examined studies?

    <p>Mixed design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many studies focused on 'Learning Approaches/Styles'?

    <p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these variables was studied alongside 'Engagement'?

    <p>Learning Behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which examined variable had the same number of studies as 'Information Expression'?

    <p>Usability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the number of studies that examined 'Motivation'?

    <p>13 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variable was mentioned alongside 'Parent Perspectives' in the context of examined variables?

    <p>Behavioral Intention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variable had the same frequency of studies as 'Cognitive Load'?

    <p>Satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do teachers play in implementing AR technology in language learning?

    <p>They guide learners in adapting to the technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of journals have studies on AR-integrated foreign language education been predominantly published?

    <p>Technology-related journals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary funding source for the project on teaching English with AR toys?

    <p>The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical considerations were addressed in the study mentioned?

    <p>Informed consent was obtained from participants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant suggestion made regarding the publication of pedagogy studies?

    <p>They should be published in language-related journals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical standards were adhered to during the study?

    <p>The study complied with the 1964 Helsinki declaration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about AR in pre-school education is true?

    <p>It can contribute to engaging language learning environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of integrating AR in language learning according to the findings?

    <p>It supports hands-on and interactive learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    AR game learning

    Using augmented reality (AR) technology in learning, often compared to traditional methods.

    MOW in English animal names

    Method of teaching English animal names.

    Learner satisfaction

    How happy learners are with the learning experience and the learning tools.

    System quality

    Characteristics of the learning system that affect its use or quality.

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    Perceived self-efficacy

    Learners' belief in their ability to succeed in using a given learning method or tool.

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    AR tool for language learning

    Use of augmented reality to help with language learning.

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    Bibliometric analysis

    Study of research patterns using metrics from citations, publications, and other references.

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    Content analysis

    A method of studying the content of materials for patterns or trends.

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    Research Design Trends

    The methods used in research studies changed over time. Quantitative research, such as experiments, was most popular between 2017 and 2018. Qualitative research, such as interviews or observations, became more popular after 2012. Mixed methods and review studies remained relatively consistent.

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    Data Collection Tools

    The most common tools used to gather data in educational research studies included questionnaires, achievement tests, and interviews. Questionnaires were used consistently, with an increase in usage starting in 2016.

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    Questionnaire Use

    Questionnaires were the most popular data collection tool in educational research studies. Their use increased steadily, especially after 2016.

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    Achievement Test Frequency

    Achievement tests were frequently used in research studies, especially in 2015. These tests assess learners' knowledge or skills in a specific area.

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    Data Collection Tool Trends

    The usage of different data collection tools varied over time. Questionnaire use increased, achievement tests saw peak usage in 2015, and interviews were used less frequently.

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    Most Frequent Data Tools

    The most commonly used data collection methods in research are questionnaires and achievement tests, followed by interviews or focus group interviews.

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    Least Frequent Data Tool

    The least used tool is alternative assessment tools, indicating a more traditional approach to data collection.

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    Data Tool Trends

    The use of questionnaires and achievement tests has increased over the years, while the use of interviews has remained relatively stable.

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    Observations Trend

    Observations are gaining popularity as a data collection method, particularly from 2015-2019.

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    Attitude, Perception, and Personality Tests

    These tests are often used to assess learners' beliefs, understanding, and personality traits.

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    Interviews: Why They're Important

    Interviews are crucial for gathering in-depth insights and perspectives from participants.

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    Questionnaires: Gathering Information

    Questionnaires are a structured way to collect data from a large number of respondents.

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    Achievement Tests: Assessing Learning

    Achievement tests evaluate knowledge and skills acquired over a certain period.

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    What are the most studied variables in AR learning?

    The variables studied most often include factors like learning achievement, student motivation, and attitude towards AR learning.

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    What's the most common research design in AR learning?

    Quantitative research designs are used in the majority of studies (72%) on AR learning.

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    What is the role of perception in AR learning?

    Perception refers to how users perceive and interpret AR experiences, impacting their learning.

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    What is cognitive load?

    Cognitive load refers to the mental effort required to process information in AR learning.

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    Why are learning approaches/styles important in AR learning?

    Understanding different learning approaches/styles helps researchers tailor AR experiences for individual learners.

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    What is perceived usefulness in AR learning?

    Perceived usefulness refers to learners' beliefs about how valuable AR tools are for learning.

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    What are some examples of qualitative research in AR?

    Qualitative research investigates the quality of learning experiences, using methods like interviews or observations.

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    How do review/meta-analysis studies contribute to AR research?

    Review/meta-analysis studies summarize and analyze existing AR research to identify trends and gaps.

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    What is the purpose of mixed-method research in AR?

    Mixed-method research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches for a more comprehensive understanding of AR learning.

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    How is technology effectiveness assessed in AR learning?

    Technology effectiveness refers to how well AR tools function and meet learners' needs.

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    AR in Language Learning

    Using augmented reality (AR) technology to enhance language learning experiences, often involving interactive elements and immersive environments.

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    AR Research in Journals

    Studies on AR-integrated foreign language education are more often published in technology journals rather than language-specific journals.

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    Teacher Participation in AR

    Teachers are crucial in guiding students to adapt to AR technology for language learning.

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    PER Ethical Considerations

    Research involving human participants must adhere to ethical guidelines, such as informed consent and ethical review.

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    Data Collection Methods in AR Research

    Research on AR in education often uses questionnaires, achievement tests, interviews, and observations to gather data.

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    Questionnaire Trend in AR Research

    The use of questionnaires has increased in AR research, likely due to their efficiency in gathering data from a large number of participants.

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    Achievement Tests in AR Research

    Achievement tests are commonly used to assess knowledge and skills acquired through AR-based language learning.

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    Observations in AR Research

    Observations are becoming increasingly popular in AR research, providing insights into how students interact with and learn using AR technology.

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    AR's Impact on Learning

    Augmented Reality (AR) technology can boost learner interest and create positive attitudes towards learning. AR integration is crucial in maintaining learning motivation.

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    AR and Learner Motivation

    Learner satisfaction, technology acceptance, and perceived usefulness are directly linked to AR integration. These factors influence motivation and learning achievement.

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    Research Trend in AR & Language Learning

    In AR research for foreign language education, quantitative studies are largely preferred. Quasi-experimental designs are particularly popular, allowing researchers to objectively assess the effectiveness of AR integration.

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    Why Quasi-Experiments?

    Quasi-experimental designs are commonly used in AR research because they allow researchers to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of AR integration in real-world settings.

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    Advantages of Quantitative Methods

    Using quantitative methods allows researchers to make objective judgments about AR technology in foreign language education. This approach helps to measure and assess the effectiveness of AR.

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    Limited Use of Qualitative Methods

    Qualitative research designs have been used less frequently in AR research. The reason might be the perceived lack of objectivity when analyzing the effectiveness of AR technology.

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    Effectiveness of AR Integration

    Research studies have focused on testing the effectiveness of AR integration in foreign language education. This is done through experiments and observation to see how AR impacts learning.

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    Experimental Designs: A Common Trend

    The effectiveness of AR integration in foreign language education is often studied using experimental designs (both quasi-experimental and pre-experimental) due to their ability to provide objective evaluations.

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    Study Notes

    • This research examines trends in studies using augmented reality (AR) in teaching English as a foreign language.
    • 64 studies published up to 2019 were analyzed for bibliometric mapping.
    • 49 articles published between 2007 and 2019 were analyzed in content analysis.
    • Studies focused on mobile and ubiquitous learning effectiveness, early childhood education, mobile learning, and gamification.
    • Thorne, Azuma and Squire are frequently cited authors.
    • "Computers & Education", "Educational Technology & Society", "British Journal of Educational Technology", and "Computers in Human Behavior" are frequent journals.
    • Academic achievement and motivation are the most frequently examined variables.
    • Quantitative research designs, especially experiments, dominate.
    • Questionnaires and achievement tests are the most used data collection tools.
    • Purposive sampling was the most common method, but random sampling increased in 2011.
    • Descriptive statistics, T-tests, ANOVA/ANCOVA, and correlation analysis are the most frequent quantitative analysis methods, while content analysis is common in qualitative analysis.

    Literature Review

    • AR-integrated language education has become a growing area of research, especially in the last two decades.
    • Research has been conducted across different education levels (preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education).
    • Preschool level studies focused on vocabulary development, and alphabet teaching.
    • Primary level research focused on vocabulary and phonics instruction.
    • Secondary research explored conversational skills, teacher/student perceptions, and technology acceptance.
    • Higher education research examined language knowledge and skills, and English composition.
    • The effectiveness of AR on learning success, motivation, satisfaction, cognitive load, and learner engagement was a central theme.

    Method

    • A bibliometric mapping analysis was performed to show trends, research focus, author and journal impact, variables and methods.
    • Researchers analyzed keyword use, author citations, and journal citations (to see which are most frequent).
    • Content analysis was used to analyze the selected full text articles to determine themes, variables used, and methodologies used.
    • Data was collected from the Web of Science database with a specific time frame.
    • Data analysis included co-occurrence of words, frequency of words by year, author citations, and journal citations.
    • Quantitative research was most frequent, with a particular focus on quasi-experimental and pre-experimental designs.

    Content Analysis Findings

    • Key variables in the studies:
      • Learning/Academic achievement
      • Motivation, Interest, Attitude, Technology Effectiveness
    • Most frequent data collection tools: questionaires, achievement tests, interviews.
    • Most common sampling groups: graduate students and primary school students.

    Discussion

    • AR-integrated language education is significant.
    • Future research should investigate early childhood education, mobile learning, gamification, and mobile games, with particular consideration of the roles of teachers and attitudes/acceptance levels of learners.
    • More qualitative research may improve understanding of the use of AR to teach foreign languages.
    • Mixed-methods research designs should be encouraged for higher validity and reliability.

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    Description

    This research delves into the trends of using augmented reality technology in teaching English as a foreign language. It analyzes 64 studies published until 2019, focusing on mobile learning effectiveness and various educational outcomes. Key findings highlight the importance of academic achievement and motivation among learners, with quantitative methods being prevalent in the studies.

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