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Questions and Answers
What was the purpose of the Second Continental Congress?
What was the purpose of the Second Continental Congress?
Who did Congress choose to head the army in Boston?
Who did Congress choose to head the army in Boston?
George Washington
What does the term 'war of inconsistency' refer to?
What does the term 'war of inconsistency' refer to?
Colonists were split between loyalty to the king and fighting against his soldiers.
What did Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold capture in May 1775?
What did Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold capture in May 1775?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Bunker Hill?
What was the outcome of the Battle of Bunker Hill?
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The Olive Branch Petition was a successful effort at peace.
The Olive Branch Petition was a successful effort at peace.
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Who were the Hessians?
Who were the Hessians?
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What was the main event General Richard Montgomery is known for?
What was the main event General Richard Montgomery is known for?
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What caused the British to set fire to the town of Norfolk?
What caused the British to set fire to the town of Norfolk?
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What was Thomas Paine's famous 1776 publication?
What was Thomas Paine's famous 1776 publication?
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What is a republic?
What is a republic?
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What did Richard Henry Lee declare on June 7, 1776?
What did Richard Henry Lee declare on June 7, 1776?
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Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
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Who were the Loyalists?
Who were the Loyalists?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Long Island?
What was the outcome of the Battle of Long Island?
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What happened at Trenton on December 26, 1776?
What happened at Trenton on December 26, 1776?
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What was British General John Burgoyne's strategy regarding capturing the Hudson River Valley?
What was British General John Burgoyne's strategy regarding capturing the Hudson River Valley?
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What was the result of the Battle of Saratoga?
What was the result of the Battle of Saratoga?
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What was the Model Treaty?
What was the Model Treaty?
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What did the Treaty of Fort Stanwix mandate?
What did the Treaty of Fort Stanwix mandate?
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What did privateers do?
What did privateers do?
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What happened at Yorktown?
What happened at Yorktown?
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What were the main points of the Treaty of Paris of 1783?
What were the main points of the Treaty of Paris of 1783?
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Study Notes
Second Continental Congress
- Convened on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia with representatives from all 13 colonies.
- Aimed to appeal to King George III for resolution of grievances.
George Washington
- Appointed commander of the Continental Army, notably chosen for his Virginia roots and wealth background.
- Recognized for leadership qualities, moral strength, and strong character.
War of Inconsistency
- Timeline from April 1775 to July 1776 marked by a division among colonists between loyalty to the British crown and military action.
Ticonderoga and Crown Point
- Captured by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold in May 1775.
- Secured critical military supplies including gunpowder and artillery for the colonists.
Bunker Hill
- Fought in June 1775 where colonists took control of Bunker Hill, posing a threat to the British in Boston.
- Resulted in British victory but boosted American confidence, prompting a shift toward war.
Olive Branch Petition
- A final attempt at reconciliation sent to King George III, reaffirming colonial loyalty but ultimately rejected.
Hessians
- German mercenaries hired by King George III in August 1775, perceived as an insult by the colonists.
General Richard Montgomery
- Led colonial troops in Canada, capturing Montreal in 1775 before his death during the Quebec campaign.
General Benedict Arnold
- Joined forces with Montgomery at Quebec; sustained injuries and later became a notable traitor.
Virginia Town of Norfolk
- Experienced destruction by British forces in 1776; the British later retreated from Boston in March.
Moore's Creek Bridge
- Site of a critical victory for the colonists in North Carolina in 1776, solidifying their resolve.
Charleston Harbor
- Colonists successfully defended against British naval forces in June 1776.
Thomas Paine
- Authored "Common Sense" in 1776, advocating for American independence and the establishment of a republic.
Republic
- Concept of governance emphasizing power derived from the people, requiring individuals to prioritize the public good over personal interests.
Richard Henry Lee
- Proposed the notion of American independence to the Continental Congress on June 7, 1776, adopted on July 2.
Declaration of Independence
- Drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted on July 4, 1776, articulating the colonists' natural rights and grievances against the king.
Loyalists
- Also known as Tories, comprised approximately 16% of the colonial population, often wealthy and educated, faced persecution during the revolution.
Patriots
- Identified as American rebels or Whigs, actively supporting independence from Britain.
Battle of Long Island
- Washington's forces retreated from an unfavorable position, leading to strategic maneuvers in Manhattan and Delaware.
Trenton
- On December 26, 1776, Washington achieved surprise victory against Hessians after crossing the Delaware River.
Scheme for Capturing the Hudson River Valley
- Proposed a coordinated campaign involving Generals Burgoyne and Howe to secure this strategic region.
Lake Champlain in 1776
- General Benedict Arnold's forces temporarily delayed British advances, buying time for American defenses.
Attack on Philadelphia
- General Howe's 1777 campaign culminated in a successful assault on Philadelphia; Washington's forces suffered defeats at Brandywine Creek and Germantown.
Valley Forge
- Washington's army endured a challenging winter in 1777-1778, which tested their resilience.
Saratoga
- Significant American victory whereby Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, 1777, leading to French support for the colonial cause.
Model Treaty
- Served as a framework for American diplomacy, emphasizing commercial ties without military or political alliances.
Armed Neutrality
- Established in 1780 by Catherine the Great of Russia, this alliance of European neutral powers aimed for passive resistance against British policies.
Carolina Campaign of 1781
- General Nathaniel Greene employed a delay strategy, successfully driving British forces from Georgia and South Carolina.
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
- Ratified in 1784; forced Native American tribes to cede land due to their alliance with the British.
George Rogers Clark
- Led successful expeditions during 1778-1779, capturing key British forts in the Illinois region.
Privateers
- Privately owned American ships authorized to disrupt British shipping, capturing around 600 enemy vessels.
Yorktown and Cornwallis
- British General Cornwallis surrendered 7,000 troops to American and French forces at Yorktown on October 19, 1781, marking a decisive victory.
Treaty of Paris of 1783
- Officially recognized American independence, granted extensive territorial rights, addressed loyalist concerns, and mandated debt repayments to British creditors.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on key events and figures from APUSH Chapter 8. This set of flashcards covers important topics such as the Second Continental Congress and George Washington's role in the army. Enhance your understanding of pivotal moments in American history.
