APUSH Chapter 1-4 Review

Native Americans Before European Arrival

• Native Americans had no concept of land ownership; they viewed land as a shared resource for use.
• Societies were mostly primitive, nomadic, and engaged in fairly peaceful interactions.

Events Leading to European Exploration

• Europeans were motivated by greed, craving luxuries and seeking faster routes to India for the spice trade.
• Curiosity was heightened after the Glorious Revolution.

Factors Favoring Exploration

• Innovations in shipbuilding produced faster and more capable vessels.
• Advances in navigation tools, alongside increased trade wealth, fueled exploration efforts.

Columbian Exchange

• A triangular trade route emerged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
• Exchange included goods, slaves, ideas, food, and diseases, resulting in increased settlement and communication.

Spanish Interaction with Native Americans

• Encounters were often hostile, with instances of massacres and use of Native Americans for labor under encomienda systems.
• This led to significant deaths and interracial marriages, fostering cultural blending.

Early English Settlements

• Roanoke Island faced extinction, likely due to poor location and interaction with natives.
• Jamestown suffered similar challenges, leading to near failure, driven by overpopulation and desire for land and resources.

Anne Hutchinson

• A strong-willed and intelligent woman advocating antinomianism, claiming that the saved were above the law.
• Banished for her beliefs, she traveled to Rhode Island while pregnant and later died in New York from Native American attacks.

Headright System

• Established in Virginia in 1618, granting 50 acres of land per individual who financed their or another's journey to Virginia.
• Encouraged immigration and resulted in the growth of large plantations.

Primogeniture

• Legal principle stating only the eldest son could inherit an estate, affecting land distribution.

Bacon's Rebellion

• Caused by discontent among indentured servants and impoverished community members seeking land ownership.
• Resulted in increased reliance on enslaved Africans, as they were perceived to be more manageable than indentured servants.

Slave Destinations in the New World

• Majority of enslaved individuals were sent to the West Indies, Brazil, and the Caribbean, with 400,000 reaching North America mainly in Southern colonies like South Carolina and Virginia.

New England Family Characteristics

• Families were large, with early marriages and frequent childbirth, averaging two children per year.
• Longer life expectancy led to generational knowledge involving grandparents.

Salem Witch Trials

• Triggered by mass hysteria, leading to widespread accusations and executions of supposed witches.
• Reflects fears of losing Puritan community power and social stability.

1662 Slave Codes

• Defined racial slavery, classifying individuals of African descent and their offspring as property of their white masters.
• Restricted slave rights and access to education.

Effect of the Glorious Revolution in Colonies

• Colonists became aware of their resentment toward strict royal governance, culminating in the overthrow of the Dominion of New England.

New England Confederation

• An early self-government attempt, uniting Massachusetts and Connecticut under Puritan leadership.

Dominion of New England

• An English crown-imposed union that included New England, New York, and East and West Jersey, led by Sir Edmund Andros with strict regulations.
• Enforced heavy taxes, navigational laws, and dissolved public assemblies until its fall after the Glorious Revolution.

Economic Dependencies of the Colonies

• Many colonies operated under joint stock systems, where partnerships with funded companies shared the profits of colonial ventures.

Quakers

• Prominent in Rhode Island, they promoted peace and religious tolerance, embodying simplicity and liberal ideals.
• Originated in the colonies due to their dissent from the Church of England.

Conditions and Conflicts in Early Settlements

• Early colonies faced dire conditions in unsuitable, swampy areas prone to disease.
• Colonists struggled with agricultural skills and often clashed with Native Americans due to misunderstandings and competing interests.

This quiz provides a review of key concepts covered in APUSH Chapters 1 to 4. It includes flashcards that explore the Native American worldview before European contact, the motivations for European exploration, and early interactions between cultures. Perfect for students preparing for exams.