APUSH Chapter 30 Flashcards

Key Terms and Definitions

Zimmerman Note (1917): A secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the U.S., aiming to recover territories lost in 1848; intercepted by Britain, leading to U.S. involvement in WWI.
Fourteen Points (1918): Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-WWI peace advocating free trade, self-determination, freedom of the seas, open diplomacy, and the formation of a League of Nations; only a few points were included in the final treaty.
Committee on Public Information: Headed by George Creel, aimed to gain public support for U.S. involvement in WWI through propaganda; utilized 150,000 workers domestically and abroad.
George Creel: Journalist and head of the Committee on Public Information; played a crucial role in promoting patriotism and anti-German sentiment during WWI.
"Huns": Derogatory term for Central Powers, reflecting American sentiment during WWI.
Eugene V. Debs: Leader of the American Railway Union; jailed for six months for opposing the draft and labor rights.
Espionage Act (1917): Federal law making it illegal to interfere with military operations or support enemies during wartime, enacted to suppress dissent.
Sedition Act (1918): Expanded the Espionage Act to penalize disloyal or abusive language regarding the U.S. government and Constitution.
Schenck v. United States: 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld conviction of a socialist who opposed the draft, establishing the "clear and present danger" precedent for restricting free speech.
Bernard Baruch: Head of the War Industries Board, illustrating the government's control over industrial production during wartime.
War Industries Board: Oversaw production in factories, dictated priorities and prices, symbolizing government intervention in the economy during WWI.
Samuel Gompers: Prominent labor leader and president of the American Federation of Labor, advocating for skilled labor rights.
American Federation of Labor: Founded in 1886 by Gompers, focused on improving conditions for skilled workers through non-violent means.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): Radical union established in 1905, uniting the working class and advocating for labor rights and social revolution.
Steel Strike of 1919: Major labor action involving 365,000 steelworkers demanding union recognition, wage increases, and shorter work hours.
Chicago Race Riot (1919): Racial violence in Chicago that resulted in numerous deaths over a week-long conflict, highlighting racial tensions.
National Women's Party: Founded in 1916, advocated for women's rights, primarily focusing on the right to vote.
Alice Paul: Leader of the National Women's Party who campaigned for an equal rights amendment; opposed special protections for women.
NAWSA: National American Woman Suffrage Association, founded in 1890 to promote women's voting rights, notably led by Carrie Chapman Catt.
Carrie Chapman Catt: Key suffragette and NAWSA president, instrumental in the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
Food Administration: Headed by Herbert Hoover to boost food production and rationing during WWI.
Herbert Hoover: President during the onset of the Great Depression; promoted voluntary cooperation over government intervention in business.
Volunteerism: The act of offering services without payment, emphasized amidst wartime efforts.
Victory Gardens: Encouraged U.S. citizens to grow their own food to support wartime rations.
Liberty Bonds: War bonds purchased by citizens to support military funding, with interest accrued over time.
Selective Service Act (1917): Required registration of American men for the military draft; led to 24.2 million registrations by the war's end.
Russian Revolution (1917): Political upheaval that ended czarist rule and culminated in Lenin's rise to power; shaped global political dynamics.
Archangel Expedition: U.S. military intervention in Russia to support anti-communist forces during the Russian Civil War.
Doughboys: Nickname for inexperienced American soldiers participating in WWI.
Gas Warfare: Use of toxic gas in combat, leading to severe injuries or death, utilized notably during WWI.
Trench Warfare: Combat strategy characterized by deep trenches, poor living conditions, and high casualties, emblematic of WWI.
Armistice (11/11/18): Ceasefire agreement marking the end of WWI on the Western Front, signed in a railway carriage.
Henry Cabot Lodge: Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and a prominent opponent of the League of Nations.
Big Four: Key leaders at the Paris Peace Conference: Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
Paris Peace Conference: 1919 meeting of Allied nations to negotiate peace terms, leading to the Treaty of Versailles.
League of Nations: International organization founded in 1920 to promote peace; ultimately ineffective and dissolved in 1946.
Treaty of Versailles (1919): Agreement that formally ended WWI, imposing severe reparations on Germany, which contributed to future conflicts.
Ratification Debate: Controversy surrounding U.S. acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles and its implications for international relations.
Isolationists: Individuals advocating for U.S. non-involvement in foreign affairs post-WWI, opposing the League of Nations.
Irreconcilables: Extreme isolationist senators opposed to U.S. membership in the League of Nations, led by William Borah and Hiram Johnson.
Reservationists: Senators willing to support the Treaty of Versailles if amendments were made, prominently led by Henry Cabot Lodge.
Internationalists: Individuals against WWI, seeing it as a conflict of capitalist interests rather than justifiable warfare.
Election of 1920: Presidential race where Warren G. Harding (Republican) defeated James Cox (Democrat); highlighted issues of WWI and post-war economy.
Warren G. Harding: President from 1921-1923, known for his "return to normalcy" approach amid post-war recovery; his administration faced significant corruption.