APUSH Chapter 25 Flashcards

Urban Development and Social Change

• Louis Sullivan, a Chicago architect, popularized skyscraper design with the principle "form follows function."
• Walking cities saw a rise in pedestrian transit due to electric trolleys, enhancing mobility for urban residents.
• Department stores, like Macy's and Marshall Field's, catered to middle-class consumers and employed many women in the workforce.

Immigration and Settlement

• Tenements were overcrowded slums where immigrants often lived in poor conditions.
• Birds of Passage refers to migrants who worked in America temporarily before returning to their home countries.
• Padrone acted as labor bosses, helping immigrants find jobs and housing in industrial sectors.

Political and Social Reforms

• Political Bosses provided essential services to immigrants in exchange for votes, aiding their integration into urban life.
• The Social Gospel movement called for churches to engage with social issues, linking Christianity with social justice.
• Jane Addams, a prominent social reformer, founded Hull House to aid poor immigrants with education and cultural activities.

Women's Activism and Education

• Settlement houses emerged as centers for social reform, particularly for women's activism.
• Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement, following in Jane Addams's footsteps.
• Carrie Chapman Catt advocated for women’s suffrage, emphasizing women's roles in family health and education.

African American Progress and Philosophy

• Booker T. Washington promoted vocational training at the Tuskegee Institute for economic self-sufficiency among blacks.
• W.E.B. Du Bois, a vocal critic of Washington, sought immediate civil rights and co-founded the NAACP.
• The concept of Accommodationism supported economic independence from whites without direct confrontation.

Arts and Literature

• American authors like Mark Twain and Emily Dickinson shaped literary identity, with Twain capturing frontier realism and humor.
• The rise of realism in literature highlighted the complexities of urban life and social issues, as seen in works by Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.
• Dime novels and the writings of Horatio Alger emphasized themes of hard work and success.

Religious Movements and Social Critique

• Dwight Lyman Moody emerged as a notable urban revivalist, focusing on themes of forgiveness.
• The Salvation Army, a new denomination, provided social services, including free meals for the needy.
• Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward" critiqued capitalism, envisioning a future with nationalized businesses for public good.

Cultural Institutions and Movements

• The establishment of land-grant colleges under the Morrill Act increased educational access and agricultural research.
• The National Women's Suffrage Association focused on securing voting rights for white women, often excluding black women from its ranks.
• The Women’s Christian Temperance Union campaigned for temperance and played a significant role in the Prohibition movement.

Noteworthy Figures in Arts

• Artists such as Mary Cassatt and Winslow Homer explored unique perspectives; Cassatt portrayed intimate scenes of women, while Homer depicted rugged American life.
• Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens became renowned for works like the Robert Gould Shaw memorial.
• The Metropolitan Opera House, established in 1883, showcased elite performances and European music.

Entertainment and Public Spectacle

• Vaudeville popularized live entertainment featuring singing, comedy, and acrobatics.
• P.T. Barnum created the "Greatest Show on Earth," blending spectacle with performance art.
• Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild-West show included diverse attractions such as live buffalo and sharpshooters like Annie Oakley.

Innovations and Scientific Thought

• Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, outlined in "Origin of Species," challenged traditional beliefs, leading to debates between Fundamentalists and Modernists.
• Normal schools emerged for teacher training, helping to advance educational standards and practices in early American education.
• The invention of basketball by James Naismith in 1888 highlighted the rise of new sports in American culture.