APUSH Chapter 2 Flashcards

Great Britain

• An island nation consisting of England, Scotland, and Wales.

Common Law

• A legal system predominantly based on precedents set by earlier court decisions.

Law of Primogeniture

• Establishes the right of the eldest son to inherit the family estate.

Joint-Stock Company

• A business entity owned by shareholders who share profits and liabilities.

Enclosure Movement

• The process of converting common lands into private plots, restricting access for communal use.

Divine Right

• The doctrine that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.

Oliver Cromwell

• Key military and political figure in the English Civil War, serving as the leader of the parliamentary forces.

The Restoration

• Restoration of the monarchy in England under Charles II, with ongoing religious conflict.

Glorious Revolution

• A pivotal event resulting in the overthrow of James II and the ascension of William and Mary, restoring the Massachusetts colony's charter.

Toleration Act of 1689

• Legislation granting Puritans the right to practice their religion freely, excluding Catholics.

Jamestown

• Recognized as the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Powhatan

• The Indian chief who founded the Powhatan confederacy, uniting several tribes in eastern Virginia.

John Smith

• Prominent leader of Jamestown, known for his policies promoting labor to ensure survival through harsh winters.

Pocahontas

• Daughter of Powhatan, known for her role as a mediator between Native Americans and English settlers.

Headright Policy

• Incentivized the migration to Virginia by granting land to settlers based on the number of people they brought with them.

Sir William Berkeley

• Colonial governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion, recognized for his leadership and policies.

Bacon's Rebellion

• A 1676 uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon aimed at addressing grievances involving Native American policies and governance.

Proprietary Colony

• A colonial entity owned by a single individual granted authority by the crown.

Sir George Calvert

• Also known as Lord Baltimore, he founded Maryland as a safe haven for Catholics.

Plymouth

• A historic town in Massachusetts established by Pilgrims in 1620, known for the Mayflower Compact.

Separatists

• A faction of Puritans seeking complete separation from the Church of England.

Mayflower Compact of 1620

• An early form of self-governance agreed upon by Pilgrim leaders before settling in Plymouth.

Covenant

• Agreement between parties or nations, often establishing mutual obligations.

William Bradford

• A Pilgrim leader and second governor of Plymouth Colony, instrumental in its survival and prosperity.

Puritans

• A religious group aiming to "purify" the Anglican Church of its Catholic influences.

Massachusetts Bay

• Colony founded by Puritans, known for its strict religious governance, ultimately leading to the establishment of Boston.

John Winthrop

• First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned its mission as a "city upon a hill" representing Puritan ideals.

Roger Williams

• Founded Rhode Island advocating for religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

• A dissenter who challenged established religious norms, leading to her banishment from Massachusetts.

Thomas Hooker

• Puritan minister who established Connecticut, arguing for limits on the powers of government.

Pequot War (1637)

• Conflict driven by English expansion, resulting in significant losses for the Pequot tribe.

King Philip's War (1675—1676)

• Series of violent confrontations between Native Americans and English settlers, disrupting westward expansion.

Tuscarora War

• Armed conflict in the Carolinas between colonists and the Tuscarora Indians from 1711 to 1713.

Yemassee War

• Conflict sparked by grievances over unfair trade practices and mistreatment of native populations.

Maryland Toleration Act of 1649

• Established religious tolerance for all Christians in Maryland despite existing tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

Matrilineal Descent

• A kinship system focusing on the importance of maternal lineage.

Patroonship

• Large feudal estates in early New York granted to individuals who settled groups of people.

New Netherland

• Dutch colony centered around present-day New York City, a significant trading hub.

Iroquois League

• A confederation of Native American tribes, originally consisting of the Five Nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

Articles of Capitulation

• Agreements leading to the transfer of New Netherland to British control, resulting in the establishment of New York.

Quakers

• Christian sect founded by George Fox, known for their pacifist beliefs and emphasis on direct experience of God.