Approaches in Psychology
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is typically used to treat phobias?

  • Counterconditioning (correct)
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  • Antidepressant medication

Which model explains depression through cognitive processes?

  • ABC Model (correct)
  • Client Centred Model
  • Conditioning Model
  • Biological Model

What approach is primarily used to understand phobias?

  • Psychodynamic Approach
  • Cognitive Approach
  • Behavioral Approach (correct)
  • Humanistic Approach

What is the primary method of treating OCD?

<p>Antidepressant medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the idiographic approach?

<p>Studies individual cases in depth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of structuralism in psychology?

<p>Breaking down the mind into separate components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly associated with introspection?

<p>Responding to stimuli and analyzing thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the basis of operant conditioning?

<p>Learning through reinforcement and consequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one real-world application of behaviorist principles according to the content?

<p>Using classical conditioning to treat phobias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with the behaviorist approach?

<p>It is environmentally reductionist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach to behavior emphasizes the importance of multiple influencing factors?

<p>Interactionism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning was originally studied by Pavlov?

<p>Classical conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the token economy system illustrate in the context of the behaviorist approach?

<p>Positive reinforcement in institutional settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Bandura's Bobo Doll study suggest about children's violent behavior?

<p>It was influenced by demand characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a strength of the cognitive approach in psychology?

<p>It provides insights into the causes of mental illness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept in cognitive psychology that helps to organize knowledge?

<p>Schemas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive model of depression suggest about faulty thoughts?

<p>They contribute to the development of depression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which limitation is associated with the cognitive approach?

<p>It is overly simplistic and machine reductionist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of theoretical models in the cognitive approach help researchers to do?

<p>Infer mental processes that shape behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) aim to improve patient outcomes?

<p>By disputing and challenging irrational beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does attention play in the cognitive approach?

<p>It selectively influences perception and behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is machine reductionism primarily concerned with?

<p>Reducing complex human behavior into simpler components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive neuroscience primarily study?

<p>Neural processes underlying mental functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method used in cognitive neuroscience?

<p>Neuroimaging techniques such as MRI or EEG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of cognitive neuroscience?

<p>It primarily provides correlational data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT taken into account by machine reductionism when explaining behavior?

<p>Simplistic theoretical models (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant contribution of cognitive neuroscience since the 1970s?

<p>Introducing the term 'cognitive neuroscience' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a potential benefit of using imaging techniques in cognitive neuroscience?

<p>They help locate different types of memory in the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognition does cognitive neuroscience NOT typically emphasize?

<p>The cultural implications of cognitive processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the activation of the parahippocampal gyrus in people with OCD indicate?

<p>It shows a correlation that may not imply causation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as part of the biological approach to understanding behavior?

<p>Social influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the biological approach explain the occurrence of depression?

<p>Due to genetic predispositions affecting neurotransmitters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a practical application of the biological approach mentioned in the content?

<p>Development of drug treatments like SSRIs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation of the biological approach is highlighted?

<p>It oversimplifies complex mental disorders. (B), It does not consider environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hormones is true according to the content?

<p>They influence various psychological functions in the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play according to the biological approach?

<p>They signal and influence mood and behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the biological approach improves its validity and applicability?

<p>The impact of biological interventions on mental health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-actualization refer to in the humanistic approach?

<p>Realizing one's full potential and being the best version of oneself (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following needs is at the base of Maslow's hierarchy?

<p>Physiological (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is congruence in the context of Roger's theory of the self?

<p>The alignment between self-image and ideal self (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to a person experiencing anxiety according to the humanistic approach?

<p>Incongruence between self-image and ideal self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for achieving high self-esteem?

<p>Feeling a sense of love and belonging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'conditions of worth' in Roger's theory?

<p>Love and encouragement offered based on certain criteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the psychodynamic approach considered to have reduced validity?

<p>It deals with abstract concepts that cannot be easily studied. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major strength of the humanistic approach in psychology?

<p>It provides real-world applications for understanding mental illness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Structuralism

An approach in psychology that breaks down mental processes into their simplest components like thoughts, feelings and sensations.

Introspection

A technique used by structuralists to study the mind by having individuals introspect and report their conscious experiences in response to stimuli like images or sounds.

Behaviorism

The theory that all behavior is learned through interactions with the environment.

Classical Conditioning

Learning by association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the rewards or punishments that follow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior to increase its frequency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase the frequency of a behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Environmental Reductionism

A reductionist approach to behavior that only considers stimulus-response links and ignores other factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Learning Theory

The idea that learning occurs through observation and imitation of others' behavior, especially by seeing the consequences of their actions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bandura's Bobo Doll Study

A study by Bandura where children observed an adult behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Their behavior was then observed to see if they imitated the aggression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Demand Characteristics

Participants in a study might guess what the researcher is looking for and behave in a way that confirms the hypothesis, even if that's not their true behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Processes

Internal mental processes like attention, memory, and decision-making that influence behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inference in Cognitive Psychology

Using evidence from studies and theoretical models to make assumptions about how the mind works.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Schemas

Organized knowledge structures containing information from experience, used to process new information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Theoretical Model (Cognitive Psychology)

A diagrammatic representation of a theory that explains how mental processes shape behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Computer Model (Cognitive Psychology)

The use of computer analogies to understand the functions of the brain and mental processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience

A theory of how human behavior is explained by looking at underlying brain structures and how they function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Machine Reductionism

The process of oversimplifying complex human behavior by reducing it to basic brain processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience

The study of how brain structures influence mental processes, such as memory, attention, and perception.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multi Store Model

A simplified model of human memory involving three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuroimaging

Brain imaging techniques like MRI, fMRI, PET, and EEG are used to map cognitive processes by observing which brain areas activate during specific tasks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Origin of Cognitive Neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience is a relatively new field, formally establishing itself in 1956.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Holistic Understanding

Cognitive neuroscience primarily focuses on the biological basis of mental processes, but acknowledges other factors that influence behavior like social, cultural, and psychological influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interactionist Approach

Cognitive neuroscience acknowledges that understanding behavior requires considering multiple factors and their interactions. This approach combines biological, psychological, and social explanations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Determinism

The idea that all behavior is determined by a person's genes, biology, and neurochemistry, suggesting little room for free will.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Idiographic

An approach in psychology that emphasizes the understanding of the individual's unique experiences and motivations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychodynamic Explanation

Explaining mental illness based on the unconscious mind, where repressed memories and unresolved conflicts create symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Environmental Determinism

This theory proposes that psychological disorders are learned through interactions with the environment and are a result of our experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A treatment approach that focuses on identifying and challenging negative thoughts and beliefs that contribute to depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Correlation ≠ Causation

The idea that correlation between two things does not necessarily mean one causes the other. There might be other factors influencing both.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behavioral Genetics

The study of how our genes and heredity influence our behavior and interactions with the environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evolution

The process where organisms with traits that enhance survival and reproduction in their environment are more likely to pass those traits to their offspring, leading to changes in species over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurochemistry

The study of chemical messengers in the brain that regulate mood, behavior, cognition, and other mental processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuroanatomy

The study of the brain's structure and how different regions and pathways control psychological functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hormones

Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream that impact psychological functions throughout the body, including motor movement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Approach Practical Applications

A strength of the biological approach is its ability to provide real-world applications for understanding mental illness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Reductionism

A limitation of the biological approach is that it reduces complex psychological phenomena to solely biological factors, potentially overlooking environmental and social influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory suggesting humans have multiple needs to fulfil to reach their full potential.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Actualization

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy, where individuals achieve their full potential, becoming creative, spontaneous, and the best version of themselves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Congruence

A state of consistency between a person's self-image and their ideal self, leading to high self-worth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incongruence

The discrepancy between how a person views themselves and how they want to be.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditions of Worth

When love and acceptance are given only based on fulfilling certain conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconditional Positive Regard

Unconditional love and acceptance, given without any stipulations or expectations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humanistic Approach and Mental Health

The humanistic approach offers a framework for understanding mental health issues by explaining how incongruence and a lack of self-actualization can contribute to distress and anxiety.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Real-World Applications of the Humanistic Approach

The humanistic approach has practical applications in understanding and addressing mental health challenges, making it a useful framework for therapists and counselors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Approaches in Psychology

  • Origins of Psychology:

    • Leipzig, Germany 1870s
    • Separated psychology from philosophical roots
    • First psychological lab established
    • First psychology textbook published
    • Paved the way for behaviourist and cognitive approaches

  • Structuralism:

    • Mind broken down into parts (thoughts, feelings, sensations)
    • Introspection used to examine these parts
    • Strengths: made psychology more scientific
    • Limitations: criticised for not being scientific enough

  • Behaviourism:

    • Behaviour learned from the environment.
    • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov):
      • Neutral stimulus (NS) paired with unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
      • Unconditioned response (UCR) becomes conditioned response (CR) to the NS
      • NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS)
    • Operant Conditioning (Skinner):
      • Learning through consequences
      • Positive reinforcement: desired behaviour rewarded, increasing likelihood of repetition
      • Negative reinforcement: undesirable stimulus removed, increasing likelihood of repetition
      • Punishment: undesirable stimulus added, decreasing likelihood of repetition
    • Strengths: real-world applications in explaining and treating conditions like phobias and schizophrenia
    • Limitations: environmentally reductionist; doesn't consider other influences on behaviour

Social Learning Theory

  • Modelling: Learning by observing and imitating behaviours
  • Imitation: Copying behaviours of others, especially role models.
  • Identification: Internalising behaviours of role models based on perceived qualities
  • Vicarious Reinforcement: Learning based on observing consequences of other's actions
  • Mediational Processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

Cognitive Approach

  • Internal Mental Processes: Attention, memory, decision-making
  • Inference: Using studies and evidence to understand mental processes
  • Schemas: Cognitive frameworks to organise knowledge and process information
  • Theoretical Models: Diagrammatic representations of theories
  • Computer Models: Using computer analogies to explain brain functions.
  • Strengths: Real-world applications in explaining mental illness (depression) and treatment (CBT).
  • Limitations: Machine reductionist; doesn't consider other factors influencing behaviour

Cognitive Neuroscience

  • Studying the influence of brain structures on mental processes.
  • Uses neuroimaging techniques (MRI, fMRI, PET, EEG) to map brain activity during tasks.

Biological Approach

  • Genetics: Influence of genes on behaviour
  • Evolution: Behaviour shaped by evolution to increase survival & reproduction
  • Neurochemistry: Study of neurochemicals (e.g., neurotransmitters) that influence behaviours
  • Neuroanatomy: Study of brain structure and function
  • Hormones: Influence psychological functions
  • Strengths: Real-world applications in explaining mental illness and treatments (e.g., medication for depression).
  • Limitations: Biological reductionism; doesn't account for other influences on behaviour

Psychodynamic Approach

  • Iceberg Metaphor: Unconscious mind influences behaviour, thoughts, memories (repressed)
  • Tripartite Personality: Id (instincts), ego (mediator), superego (morality)
  • Psychosexual Stages: Stages of development with potential fixations
  • Defence Mechanisms: Protect the mind from overwhelming emotions
  • Strengths: Explains mental illness and behaviours (e.g. trauma) and influential in therapy methods
  • Limitations: Unscientific; heavily relies on case studies; subjective interpretations

Humanistic Approach

  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Needs must be met before reaching self-actualisation
  • Self-Actualization: Achieving one's full potential
  • Roger's Theory of the Self: Congruence (match between self-image & ideal self)
  • Conditions of Worth/Unconditional Positive Regard: Conditions for self-acceptance or lack thereof
  • Strengths: Focuses on human potential and personal growth.
  • Limitations: Unscientific; subjective; hard to measure

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Approaches in Psychology PDF

Description

This quiz explores the major approaches in psychology, including their origins, structuralism, and behaviorism. Dive into key concepts such as classical and operant conditioning. Test your knowledge on how these theories have shaped the field of psychology.

More Like This

Quiz sur les fondements théoriques de la psychologie cognitive
5 questions

Quiz sur les fondements théoriques de la psychologie cognitive

SimplifiedPlatypus9319 avatar
SimplifiedPlatypus9319
psych ch 1
120 questions

psych ch 1

WittyVision4473 avatar
WittyVision4473
General Psychology - Schools of Thought
45 questions

General Psychology - Schools of Thought

UserFriendlyHurdyGurdy7343 avatar
UserFriendlyHurdyGurdy7343
Gestalt Psychology vs. Structuralism in Psychology
24 questions

Gestalt Psychology vs. Structuralism in Psychology

ImmenseGeranium avatar
ImmenseGeranium
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser