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Questions and Answers
What was the main focus of Edward Titchener's structuralism?
In what year did Wilhelm Wundt establish his psychology laboratory?
Which psychological approach was primarily concerned with how mental activities help organisms adapt to their environment?
What method did Wundt use to measure reaction times in his experiments?
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Who among the following was NOT a proponent of functional psychology?
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What limitation did introspection face according to Wundt's findings?
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What concept did functionalists incorporate from Darwin's theory?
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What was one of the main criticisms of structuralism compared to functionalism?
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What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?
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What type of reinforcement can a Skinner box provide?
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Which psychologist is primarily associated with the development of the operant conditioning chamber?
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How did the rise of cognitive psychology impact the popularity of Skinner's theories?
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What is a key characteristic of humanism in psychology?
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Which psychologist is known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs?
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What main concern did some psychologists have about behaviorism?
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Which key concept is characterized by the idea that all actions are influenced by the unconscious?
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What barriers did Sanchez identify as affecting Mexican American children's educational opportunities?
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What was Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark's notable research about?
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What significant action did the Clarks take following their research?
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Which organization facilitates interactions among psychologists of specific ethnic groups?
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What was Margaret Floy Washburn's contribution to psychology?
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What obstacle did Mary Whiton Calkins face in her pursuit of a PhD?
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What aspect of psychological study did Mary Whiton Calkins focus on in her research?
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Which psychological theory did Mary Whiton Calkins write about as it relates to self-psychology?
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What is object permanence as defined by developmental psychology?
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At what stage of life is the understanding of object permanence typically developed?
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Which psychologist is associated with the concept of object permanence?
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Why is there increased interest in researching changes later in life?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of personality psychology?
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Which early theorist proposed that personality develops through conflicts between different parts of the mind?
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What is the significance of the estimated population of people aged 65 or older in the U.S. by 2050?
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Which of the following statements about psychosexual stages of development is true according to early theories of personality?
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What is typically required for a career in most areas of psychology?
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What does a dissertation represent in the context of earning a PhD?
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Which aspect of a faculty appointment at a college or university is NOT typically part of the role?
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What is one role of forensic psychologists in the criminal justice system?
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In the process of earning a PhD, what must candidates often do regarding their dissertation?
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What education level is often sufficient for some specialties in psychology?
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Which field of psychology is known for acting as consultants to law enforcement?
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What does the term 'PhD' stand for?
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Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind and feelings.
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Clive Wearing lost his ability to form new memories due to an illness at the age of 46.
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James Wannerton experiences sound sensations associated with the taste of certain words.
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John Nash was diagnosed with depression after he began to hear voices.
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The field of psychology explores questions related to creativity, prejudice, and consciousness.
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The textbook introduces several methods that the field of psychology uses to explore human behavior.
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A significant focus of psychology is understanding the connection between brain processes and external behaviors.
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The primary aim of studying psychology is to understand only the biological aspects of the mind.
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Weisstein's critique contributed to the development of feminist psychology.
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WEIRD societies have been under-studied in psychological research.
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Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology.
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Crawford and Marecek identified only one feminist approach in psychology.
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Cross-cultural psychologists study diverse populations within a single country.
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The work of early psychologists from diverse backgrounds focused on promoting conventional educational methods.
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Cultural differences influence areas such as perception and moral reasoning.
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Bruno Bettleheim believed women prioritize becoming scientists or engineers over being mothers.
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The principles of Gestalt psychology became very influential in the United States.
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Wundt's ideas of structuralism and Gestalt psychology share similar perspectives on the importance of individual parts.
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Pavlov is known for his work on a type of learning behavior known as classical conditioning.
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Behaviorism only focuses on observable behavior and disregards internal processes.
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The salivation reflex studied by Pavlov was an example of a conditioned response.
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Gestalt psychology views the human individual as a collection of separate measurable parts.
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Skinner contributed to behaviorism by exploring operant conditioning exclusively.
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Humanistic theory was influenced by the ideas of Gestalt psychology.
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Mary Cover Jones conducted a study with a child named Little Peter who was afraid of cats.
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Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in psychology.
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Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman awarded a PhD in psychology.
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The American Psychological Association (APA) has 54 divisions representing various specialties in psychology.
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The APA is the second largest organization of psychologists in the world.
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G. Stanley Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
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Contemporary psychology is solely influenced by behavioral perspectives.
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The mission of the APA is to advance and spread psychological knowledge for personal gain.
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Biological psychologists primarily focus on the genetic causes of behavior rather than the physiological basis.
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The study of behavior from an evolutionary perspective originated with Charles Darwin.
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All human cultures are expected to express a behavior if it is caused by significant genetic factors.
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Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary approach that includes biologists, but excludes chemists and medical professionals.
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Evolutionary psychology examines the immediate physiological causes of behavior.
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The works of Darwin include explorations of both human and animal behavior.
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Biopsychology is a term synonymous with evolutionary psychology.
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Research in biological psychology is limited to the study of sensory and motor systems.
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What is the main focus of psychology as defined in the content?
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Which aspect makes psychology challenging to classify strictly as a science?
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How is empirical research defined in relation to psychology?
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What role does human dignity play in psychology, according to the content?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key area of interest in psychology?
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The scientific method in psychology is particularly used to address which type of questions?
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In the context of psychology, what does it mean to 'control behavior'?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between psychology and the nervous system?
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What are the core concepts that B.F. Skinner associated with behavior?
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Which psychologist is best known for the hierarchy of human needs?
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What technique is associated with Carl Rogers in therapeutic practice?
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Which aspect does the Cognitive Revolution prioritize in psychology?
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What term is used to describe the demographic of over-studied societies in psychology?
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Which psychologist is noted for their influence on the cognitive revolution through their work on language?
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Which concept reflects Maslow's idea of realizing one's full potential?
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What is essential for the success of client-centered therapy as proposed by Carl Rogers?
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What was a significant contribution of Wilhelm Wundt to psychology?
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How does functionalism differ from structuralism?
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What central idea did Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory propose?
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Which of the following concepts is most closely associated with Edward Titchener’s work?
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What is the focus of Wundt's concept of voluntarism?
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In which context did the concept of Freudian slips arise?
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Which term best describes the focus of psychological study highlighted by functionalists?
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Which of the following perspectives was primarily concerned with individual parts of consciousness?
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What is one of the core ideas of psychoanalysis as established by Jens Martensson?
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What is the primary focus of Gestalt psychology introduced by Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler?
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Which methodological approach did Ivan Pavlov use to demonstrate classical conditioning?
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What concept did John B. Watson promote within the field of behaviorism?
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What psychological phenomenon does the term 'Freudian slip' refer to?
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Which of the following best describes a common consequence of childhood trauma in adulthood?
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Which principle is NOT part of Gestalt psychology according to the information provided?
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Which of the following statements aligns with Watson's perspective in behaviorism?
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What barrier did Sanchez highlight regarding educational opportunities for Mexican American children?
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Which research contribution did Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark make during the Civil Rights movement?
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Who was the first woman to earn a doctoral degree in psychology?
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What significant achievement did Inez Beverly Prosser accomplish?
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What core aspect did the Clarks focus on in their studies related to children?
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What is a common career path for those with a background in psychology?
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Which of the following was a major obstacle Mary Whiton Calkins faced while pursuing her PhD?
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What role did the Clarks play in the Brown vs. Board of Education case?
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Study Notes
Early Psychology:
- Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism focused on mental processes and their contents, with emphasis on introspection. He established the first psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig.
- William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce established functionalism, which studied the role of mental activities in helping organisms adapt to their environment. They were influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.
- Functionalism was also interested in the operation of the mind as a whole, unlike structuralism.
Later Psychology:
- B.F. Skinner made contributions to behaviorism, focusing on operant conditioning. He developed the Skinner box to study learned behavior, which has been a valuable tool in research.
- Humanistic psychology emerged as an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, emphasizing the potential for good in individuals.
- Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory, which proposes different levels of human needs motivating behavior.
Social and Cultural Considerations:
- George Sanchez, a Mexican American psychologist, challenged biased testing practices that disadvantaged Hispanic children.
- Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark conducted groundbreaking research on racial prejudice in children, which had a major impact on the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case.
Women in Psychology:
- Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in psychology in 1894. She authored a significant textbook in comparative psychology.
- Mary Whiton Calkins completed all requirements for a PhD but was denied the degree due to her gender, despite being mentored by William James. Her research focused on memory and self-psychology.
Developing Psychology:
- Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in children and discovered that young children lack object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when hidden.
- While early developmental psychology focused on childhood, research increasingly explores changes in later life, reflecting changing population demographics.
Personality Psychology:
- Personality psychology studies the unique patterns of thoughts and behaviors of individuals.
- Early theories, including Freud's psychosexual development and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, aimed to explain personality development.
Forensic Psychology:
- Forensic psychologists apply psychological knowledge to the legal system, including assessments of suspects' mental states, jury selection, witness preparation, and counseling of those within the criminal justice system.
Careers in Psychology:
- A PhD is generally required for careers in academics, which often combine teaching, research, and service.
- A PhD usually involves completing a dissertation that defends original research.
What is Psychology?
- Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
- Psychology explores a wide range of questions like creativity, consciousness, and prejudice.
History of Psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
- Structuralism was a school of psychology that aimed to break down mental processes into their basic elements.
- Functionalism emerged as a response to structuralism, focusing on the purpose of mental processes.
- William James was a prominent figure in functionalism.
- Gestalt Psychology emphasizes the importance of perceiving the whole rather than individual parts.
- Ivan Pavlov's work on classical conditioning laid the foundation for behaviorism.
- Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the role of environmental factors in shaping these behaviors.
- John B. Watson was a prominent figure in behaviorism.
- Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious mind and its impact on behavior.
- Feminist psychologists challenged the bias in traditional psychology, focusing on women's experiences and perspectives.
- Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology explores how culture influences behavior and thought.
- WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) have been extensively studied, but results may not be applicable to other societies
- Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology in the United States.
- Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology.
- Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman awarded a PhD in psychology.
Contemporary Psychology
- Contemporary psychology encompasses diverse areas of study informed by historical perspectives.
- The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest organization of psychologists globally, promoting psychological knowledge.
- The APA has 54 divisions representing various specialties.
- Biological Psychology studies how the structure and function of the nervous system generates behavior.
- Neuroscience encompasses the study of the nervous system from various disciplines, including biology, medicine, and chemistry.
- Evolutionary Psychology aims to understand the ultimate biological causes of behavior.
- Charles Darwin explored the adaptive nature of behavior in his work on evolution, including The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
- Evolutionary psychology predicts human behavior based on evolutionary theory.
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- It seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
Key Historical Figures and Theories
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Wilhelm Wundt is considered the "Father of Psychology."
- He established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.
- His work focused on introspection and the scientific study of conscious experience.
- His book "Volkerpsychologie" highlighted the influence of culture on individuals.
- Edward Titchener a student of Wundt, developed structuralism.
-
William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce developed functionalism.
- They studied the function of behavior in the world through adaptation for survival.
- They viewed the brain and mind as constantly changing.
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Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis.
- His theory emphasized the unconscious mind and its role in mental illness.
- He used dream analysis and "Freudian slips" to understand the unconscious.
- Freud believed early childhood experiences influenced adult life.
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Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler introduced Gestalt principles to America.
- They highlighted sensation and perception.
- Gestalt psychology emphasizes how individual parts interact and form a whole perception.
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Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist, made groundbreaking contributions to behaviorism with classical conditioning.
- Classical conditioning involves learning an unconscious response to a different stimulus.
- Pavlov's experiments with dogs and salivation to food are famous examples.
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John B. Watson focused on observable behavior and its control.
- He shifted the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior.
- Watson's "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated the power of conditioning to create fear.
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B. F. Skinner focused on reinforcement and punishment as drivers of behavior.
- He created the "Skinner box" to study animal behavior.
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Abraham Maslow a leader in the humanist movement, proposed a hierarchy of human needs.
- His theory suggests that people are motivated by a series of needs ranging from basic survival to self-actualization.
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Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy.
- He emphasized unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy in therapeutic relationships.
Other Important Concepts
- The Bystander Effect is a social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in need when others are present.
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Phineas Gage is a famous case study of brain damage.
- An iron rod penetrated his skull, causing significant personality changes.
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The Scientific Method is a systematic approach to test cause-and-effect relationships.
- Psychology, while focusing on abstract concepts, uses empirical data from observation and experiments.
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The Cognitive Revolution shifted the focus of psychology back to the mind after the dominance of behaviorism.
- Noam Chomsky played a key role in this movement.
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Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology emphasizes the importance of studying diverse cultures and societies.
- The term "WEIRD" (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) highlights the bias in psychology toward over-studying these societies.
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Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark were influential African American psychologists.
- Their research on the impact of segregation on African American children, particularly the famous doll preference study, was crucial in the Civil Rights movement.
- Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology.
- Mary Whiton Calkins completed all the requirements for a PhD in psychology but was denied the degree due to her gender.
- Mary Cover Jones was the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology.
- Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology.
Careers in Psychology
- Professional Counselors provide guidance and support to individuals with mental health or life challenges.
- School Psychologists work with students and families in educational settings.
- Sports Psychologists help athletes achieve optimal performance.
- Teaching and Research are other important roles in the field of psychology.
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Description
Explore the foundational theories of psychology, from Wundt's structuralism to Skinner's behaviorism. This quiz covers pivotal concepts that shaped the field, including functionalism and humanistic psychology. Test your understanding of early and later psychological frameworks.
