psych ch 1
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Questions and Answers

What was the main focus of Edward Titchener's structuralism?

  • The evolutionary origins of behavior
  • The contents of mental processes (correct)
  • The study of cultural influences
  • The function of mental processes

    • In what year did Wilhelm Wundt establish his psychology laboratory?

  • 1884
  • 1875
  • 1879 (correct)
  • 1890

    • Which psychological approach was primarily concerned with how mental activities help organisms adapt to their environment?

  • Introspection
  • Functionalism (correct)
  • Volkerpsychologie
  • Structuralism

    • What method did Wundt use to measure reaction times in his experiments?

    <p>Button-pressing tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following was NOT a proponent of functional psychology?

    <p>Edward Titchener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation did introspection face according to Wundt's findings?

    <p>It remained highly subjective with little agreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did functionalists incorporate from Darwin's theory?

    <p>Natural selection as a driver of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main criticisms of structuralism compared to functionalism?

    <p>Structuralism focused too much on individual parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?

    <p>To isolate subjects from the external environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement can a Skinner box provide?

    <p>Both positive and negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is primarily associated with the development of the operant conditioning chamber?

    <p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the rise of cognitive psychology impact the popularity of Skinner's theories?

    <p>It caused the influence of behaviorism to wane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of humanism in psychology?

    <p>It emphasizes innate potential for goodness in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs?

    <p>Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main concern did some psychologists have about behaviorism?

    <p>Its deterministic view of human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key concept is characterized by the idea that all actions are influenced by the unconscious?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What barriers did Sanchez identify as affecting Mexican American children's educational opportunities?

    <p>Language and cultural barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark's notable research about?

    <p>Doll preference among African American children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did the Clarks take following their research?

    <p>Opened a child guidance center in Harlem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization facilitates interactions among psychologists of specific ethnic groups?

    <p>The American Psychological Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Margaret Floy Washburn's contribution to psychology?

    <p>Being the first woman awarded a doctoral degree in psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What obstacle did Mary Whiton Calkins face in her pursuit of a PhD?

    <p>Refusal of Harvard University to award her the degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of psychological study did Mary Whiton Calkins focus on in her research?

    <p>Primacy and recency effects in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological theory did Mary Whiton Calkins write about as it relates to self-psychology?

    <p>Structuralism and functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is object permanence as defined by developmental psychology?

    <p>The recognition that physical objects continue to exist even when hidden.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life is the understanding of object permanence typically developed?

    <p>Infancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is associated with the concept of object permanence?

    <p>Jean Piaget.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there increased interest in researching changes later in life?

    <p>Because of shifting population demographics and longer life spans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a focus of personality psychology?

    <p>Emotional responses to environmental stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early theorist proposed that personality develops through conflicts between different parts of the mind?

    <p>Sigmund Freud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the estimated population of people aged 65 or older in the U.S. by 2050?

    <p>It highlights the need for further research on aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about psychosexual stages of development is true according to early theories of personality?

    <p>They involve conflicts between conscious and unconscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically required for a career in most areas of psychology?

    <p>Doctoral degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a dissertation represent in the context of earning a PhD?

    <p>A long research paper or published articles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of a faculty appointment at a college or university is NOT typically part of the role?

    <p>Providing psychological treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of forensic psychologists in the criminal justice system?

    <p>Participating in jury selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of earning a PhD, what must candidates often do regarding their dissertation?

    <p>Defend it before a committee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What education level is often sufficient for some specialties in psychology?

    <p>Master's degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of psychology is known for acting as consultants to law enforcement?

    <p>Forensic psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'PhD' stand for?

    <p>Doctor of Philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind and feelings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clive Wearing lost his ability to form new memories due to an illness at the age of 46.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    James Wannerton experiences sound sensations associated with the taste of certain words.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Nash was diagnosed with depression after he began to hear voices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The field of psychology explores questions related to creativity, prejudice, and consciousness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The textbook introduces several methods that the field of psychology uses to explore human behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A significant focus of psychology is understanding the connection between brain processes and external behaviors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary aim of studying psychology is to understand only the biological aspects of the mind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weisstein's critique contributed to the development of feminist psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WEIRD societies have been under-studied in psychological research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crawford and Marecek identified only one feminist approach in psychology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cross-cultural psychologists study diverse populations within a single country.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The work of early psychologists from diverse backgrounds focused on promoting conventional educational methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural differences influence areas such as perception and moral reasoning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bruno Bettleheim believed women prioritize becoming scientists or engineers over being mothers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principles of Gestalt psychology became very influential in the United States.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wundt's ideas of structuralism and Gestalt psychology share similar perspectives on the importance of individual parts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pavlov is known for his work on a type of learning behavior known as classical conditioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behaviorism only focuses on observable behavior and disregards internal processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The salivation reflex studied by Pavlov was an example of a conditioned response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestalt psychology views the human individual as a collection of separate measurable parts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skinner contributed to behaviorism by exploring operant conditioning exclusively.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humanistic theory was influenced by the ideas of Gestalt psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mary Cover Jones conducted a study with a child named Little Peter who was afraid of cats.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman awarded a PhD in psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The American Psychological Association (APA) has 54 divisions representing various specialties in psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The APA is the second largest organization of psychologists in the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G. Stanley Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contemporary psychology is solely influenced by behavioral perspectives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mission of the APA is to advance and spread psychological knowledge for personal gain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biological psychologists primarily focus on the genetic causes of behavior rather than the physiological basis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of behavior from an evolutionary perspective originated with Charles Darwin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All human cultures are expected to express a behavior if it is caused by significant genetic factors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary approach that includes biologists, but excludes chemists and medical professionals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary psychology examines the immediate physiological causes of behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The works of Darwin include explorations of both human and animal behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biopsychology is a term synonymous with evolutionary psychology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research in biological psychology is limited to the study of sensory and motor systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of psychology as defined in the content?

    <p>To scientifically analyze behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect makes psychology challenging to classify strictly as a science?

    <p>It involves abstract concepts like emotions and thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is empirical research defined in relation to psychology?

    <p>Collecting data through observation or experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does human dignity play in psychology, according to the content?

    <p>It is a crucial element in understanding individual decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key area of interest in psychology?

    <p>Social media influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific method in psychology is particularly used to address which type of questions?

    <p>Questions that can be tested through experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of psychology, what does it mean to 'control behavior'?

    <p>To manage and influence actions and reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between psychology and the nervous system?

    <p>Psychology examines the role of the nervous system in mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the core concepts that B.F. Skinner associated with behavior?

    <p>Reinforcement and punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is best known for the hierarchy of human needs?

    <p>Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is associated with Carl Rogers in therapeutic practice?

    <p>Client-centered therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does the Cognitive Revolution prioritize in psychology?

    <p>Mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the demographic of over-studied societies in psychology?

    <p>WEIRD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is noted for their influence on the cognitive revolution through their work on language?

    <p>Noam Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept reflects Maslow's idea of realizing one's full potential?

    <p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for the success of client-centered therapy as proposed by Carl Rogers?

    <p>Unconditional positive regard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant contribution of Wilhelm Wundt to psychology?

    <p>He established the first psychology laboratory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does functionalism differ from structuralism?

    <p>Functionalism emphasizes the entire mind and its adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What central idea did Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory propose?

    <p>Many psychological problems originate in the unconscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is most closely associated with Edward Titchener’s work?

    <p>Introspection as a method of study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Wundt's concept of voluntarism?

    <p>The ability of individuals to make choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context did the concept of Freudian slips arise?

    <p>As manifestations of unconscious thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the focus of psychological study highlighted by functionalists?

    <p>The evolutionary basis of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following perspectives was primarily concerned with individual parts of consciousness?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the core ideas of psychoanalysis as established by Jens Martensson?

    <p>The connection between early childhood experiences and adult behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Gestalt psychology introduced by Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler?

    <p>The relationships between parts in perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methodological approach did Ivan Pavlov use to demonstrate classical conditioning?

    <p>Experiments with dogs and salivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did John B. Watson promote within the field of behaviorism?

    <p>Focusing on observable behavior rather than mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological phenomenon does the term 'Freudian slip' refer to?

    <p>Errors that occur when speaking that reveal underlying thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a common consequence of childhood trauma in adulthood?

    <p>Unhealthy patterns and avoidance of confrontation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT part of Gestalt psychology according to the information provided?

    <p>Sensation alone is enough for understanding perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with Watson's perspective in behaviorism?

    <p>Observable behavior can be measured and controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What barrier did Sanchez highlight regarding educational opportunities for Mexican American children?

    <p>Standardized testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research contribution did Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark make during the Civil Rights movement?

    <p>Doll preference studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first woman to earn a doctoral degree in psychology?

    <p>Margaret Floy Washburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant achievement did Inez Beverly Prosser accomplish?

    <p>First African American woman awarded a PhD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What core aspect did the Clarks focus on in their studies related to children?

    <p>Doll preference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common career path for those with a background in psychology?

    <p>School psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a major obstacle Mary Whiton Calkins faced while pursuing her PhD?

    <p>Not being recognized due to her gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Clarks play in the Brown vs. Board of Education case?

    <p>Provided expert witness testimony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Psychology:

    • Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism focused on mental processes and their contents, with emphasis on introspection. He established the first psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig.
    • William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce established functionalism, which studied the role of mental activities in helping organisms adapt to their environment. They were influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.
    • Functionalism was also interested in the operation of the mind as a whole, unlike structuralism.

    Later Psychology:

    • B.F. Skinner made contributions to behaviorism, focusing on operant conditioning. He developed the Skinner box to study learned behavior, which has been a valuable tool in research.
    • Humanistic psychology emerged as an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, emphasizing the potential for good in individuals.
    • Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory, which proposes different levels of human needs motivating behavior.

    Social and Cultural Considerations:

    • George Sanchez, a Mexican American psychologist, challenged biased testing practices that disadvantaged Hispanic children.
    • Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark conducted groundbreaking research on racial prejudice in children, which had a major impact on the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case.

    Women in Psychology:

    • Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in psychology in 1894. She authored a significant textbook in comparative psychology.
    • Mary Whiton Calkins completed all requirements for a PhD but was denied the degree due to her gender, despite being mentored by William James. Her research focused on memory and self-psychology.

    Developing Psychology:

    • Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in children and discovered that young children lack object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when hidden.
    • While early developmental psychology focused on childhood, research increasingly explores changes in later life, reflecting changing population demographics.

    Personality Psychology:

    • Personality psychology studies the unique patterns of thoughts and behaviors of individuals.
    • Early theories, including Freud's psychosexual development and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, aimed to explain personality development.

    Forensic Psychology:

    • Forensic psychologists apply psychological knowledge to the legal system, including assessments of suspects' mental states, jury selection, witness preparation, and counseling of those within the criminal justice system.

    Careers in Psychology:

    • A PhD is generally required for careers in academics, which often combine teaching, research, and service.
    • A PhD usually involves completing a dissertation that defends original research.

    What is Psychology?

    • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
    • Psychology explores a wide range of questions like creativity, consciousness, and prejudice.

    History of Psychology

    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
    • Structuralism was a school of psychology that aimed to break down mental processes into their basic elements.
    • Functionalism emerged as a response to structuralism, focusing on the purpose of mental processes.
    • William James was a prominent figure in functionalism.
    • Gestalt Psychology emphasizes the importance of perceiving the whole rather than individual parts.
    • Ivan Pavlov's work on classical conditioning laid the foundation for behaviorism.
    • Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the role of environmental factors in shaping these behaviors.
    • John B. Watson was a prominent figure in behaviorism.
    • Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious mind and its impact on behavior.
    • Feminist psychologists challenged the bias in traditional psychology, focusing on women's experiences and perspectives.
    • Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology explores how culture influences behavior and thought.
    • WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) have been extensively studied, but results may not be applicable to other societies
    • Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology in the United States.
    • Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology.
    • Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman awarded a PhD in psychology.

    Contemporary Psychology

    • Contemporary psychology encompasses diverse areas of study informed by historical perspectives.
    • The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest organization of psychologists globally, promoting psychological knowledge.
    • The APA has 54 divisions representing various specialties.
    • Biological Psychology studies how the structure and function of the nervous system generates behavior.
    • Neuroscience encompasses the study of the nervous system from various disciplines, including biology, medicine, and chemistry.
    • Evolutionary Psychology aims to understand the ultimate biological causes of behavior.
    • Charles Darwin explored the adaptive nature of behavior in his work on evolution, including The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
    • Evolutionary psychology predicts human behavior based on evolutionary theory.

    Introduction to Psychology

    • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
    • It seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

    Key Historical Figures and Theories

    • Wilhelm Wundt is considered the "Father of Psychology."
      • He established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.
      • His work focused on introspection and the scientific study of conscious experience.
      • His book "Volkerpsychologie" highlighted the influence of culture on individuals.
    • Edward Titchener a student of Wundt, developed structuralism.
    • William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce developed functionalism.
      • They studied the function of behavior in the world through adaptation for survival.
      • They viewed the brain and mind as constantly changing.
    • Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis.
      • His theory emphasized the unconscious mind and its role in mental illness.
      • He used dream analysis and "Freudian slips" to understand the unconscious.
      • Freud believed early childhood experiences influenced adult life.
    • Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler introduced Gestalt principles to America.
      • They highlighted sensation and perception.
      • Gestalt psychology emphasizes how individual parts interact and form a whole perception.
    • Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist, made groundbreaking contributions to behaviorism with classical conditioning.
      • Classical conditioning involves learning an unconscious response to a different stimulus.
      • Pavlov's experiments with dogs and salivation to food are famous examples.
    • John B. Watson focused on observable behavior and its control.
      • He shifted the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior.
      • Watson's "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated the power of conditioning to create fear.
    • B. F. Skinner focused on reinforcement and punishment as drivers of behavior.
      • He created the "Skinner box" to study animal behavior.
    • Abraham Maslow a leader in the humanist movement, proposed a hierarchy of human needs.
      • His theory suggests that people are motivated by a series of needs ranging from basic survival to self-actualization.
    • Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy.
      • He emphasized unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy in therapeutic relationships.

    Other Important Concepts

    • The Bystander Effect is a social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in need when others are present.
    • Phineas Gage is a famous case study of brain damage.
      • An iron rod penetrated his skull, causing significant personality changes.
    • The Scientific Method is a systematic approach to test cause-and-effect relationships.
      • Psychology, while focusing on abstract concepts, uses empirical data from observation and experiments.
    • The Cognitive Revolution shifted the focus of psychology back to the mind after the dominance of behaviorism.
      • Noam Chomsky played a key role in this movement.
    • Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology emphasizes the importance of studying diverse cultures and societies.
      • The term "WEIRD" (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) highlights the bias in psychology toward over-studying these societies.
    • Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark were influential African American psychologists.
      • Their research on the impact of segregation on African American children, particularly the famous doll preference study, was crucial in the Civil Rights movement.
    • Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology.
    • Mary Whiton Calkins completed all the requirements for a PhD in psychology but was denied the degree due to her gender.
    • Mary Cover Jones was the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology.
    • Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology.

    Careers in Psychology

    • Professional Counselors provide guidance and support to individuals with mental health or life challenges.
    • School Psychologists work with students and families in educational settings.
    • Sports Psychologists help athletes achieve optimal performance.
    • Teaching and Research are other important roles in the field of psychology.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational theories of psychology, from Wundt's structuralism to Skinner's behaviorism. This quiz covers pivotal concepts that shaped the field, including functionalism and humanistic psychology. Test your understanding of early and later psychological frameworks.

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