Applied Behavioural Research and Evidence-Based Practice 1 osa

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary expectation from applied behavioural researchers and practitioners when using interventions with clients?

To use only nomothetic research designs for intervention selection

To draw upon evidence-based practice when selecting interventions (correct)

To focus solely on idiographic research approaches

To customize interventions based on individual reactions

What is the primary limitation of nomothetic research designs in evaluating interventions?

They are only applicable to small-group studies

They are too expensive to conduct

They mask individual reactions and responses to interventions (correct)

They lack external validity

What is the primary benefit of using nomothetic research designs in identifying effective interventions?

They permit the development of principles, laws or global understanding (correct)

They allow for the development of idiographic principles

They are only applicable to small-group studies

They provide a means to study individual reactions

What type of research paradigm is often used to identify effective interventions in large-group studies?

Nomothetic research paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why practitioners and researchers need to consider individual reactions to interventions?

To tailor interventions to individual clients' needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of selecting interventions based on research evidence?

To identify effective interventions relative to a particular issue and/or client group Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the ATD design?

To compare the effects of different treatments Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the treatment effect is observed in the study with Eric the tennis player?

The treatment effect is unlikely due to extraneous variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the baseline phase in an ATD design?

To document the variability of the dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using an ATD design?

It provides a high degree of internal validity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of introducing treatment conditions on alternative days?

Counterbalanced design Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phase of the study where the treatment conditions are introduced?

Intervention phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of the ATD design?

It is difficult to establish a causal relationship Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Ollendick et al. (1981) study?

To examine the reduction of stereotypic behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the variable being measured in the study with Eric the tennis player?

Dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using an ATD design in applied research?

It provides a high degree of internal validity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of researchers and practitioners in applied settings when studying the effect of an intervention on an individual?

Studying an individual's response to an intervention over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of single-case designs in applied settings?

They allow for the study of individual reactions and responses to an intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the design that involves systematically alternating two or more interventions across time and comparing relative responses of the target variable to each intervention?

Alternating-treatments design Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of collecting baseline data in an ATD?

To illustrate the natural state of the target variable and to allow comparison between baseline and treatment responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ATD that allows for the study of individual reactions and responses to an intervention?

Systematic alternation of two or more interventions across time Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ATD design because one is comparing results from two or more separate series of data points?

Between-series design Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the ATD design compared to other single-case designs?

It is a more flexible and adaptable design Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rapidly changing experimental conditions in the ATD design?

To enable inferences about treatment effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the ATD design?

From the study of operant behaviour in applied settings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the ATD design and other single-case designs?

The ATD design involves the systematic alternation of two or more interventions across time Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the educational programme conducted by Rhymer et al. (2000)?

Enhancing mathematics fluency in elementary students Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of the one-minute time phase in the baseline phase of the study?

One minute Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the chess clock in the intervention phase?

To time the students' responses during the intervention Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the assessment performance feedback phase?

To provide feedback to the students on their performance Signup and view all the answers

How many students showed improvement in maths fluency across the phases of the study?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the alternating-treatments design (ATD)?

It involves multiple treatment conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the ATD in sport and exercise settings?

It has limited applications in sport and exercise settings Signup and view all the answers

Who published the first article using the ATD in a sport setting?

McKenzie and Liskevych Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the study by Hrycaiko and Martin (1996)?

Comparing the effects of three different treatments to improve per cent accuracy of setting in volleyball Signup and view all the answers

How many articles published in the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (1979–1994), The Sport Psychologist (1987–1994), or Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (1989–1994) used the ATD design?

Zero Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Wolko et al.'s (1993) study in a sport setting?

Comparing the effects of standard coaching with public self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

In Lambert, Moore and Dixon's (1999) study, what was the dependent variable?

On-task behaviour during training sessions on the beam Signup and view all the answers

How many participants were involved in Lambert, Moore and Dixon's (1999) study?

Four female level eight and nine gymnasts Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of phase two in Lambert, Moore and Dixon's (1999) study?

To identify the most effective goal-setting strategy for each participant Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Sariscsany, Darst and van der Mars' (1995) study?

Evaluating the effects of three different supervision patterns on practice skill behaviour Signup and view all the answers

In Wolko et al.'s (1993) study, how many gymnasts participated in the study?

Five gymnasts Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the ATD in Wolko et al.'s (1993) study?

To evaluate the effects of different coaching interventions on gymnastic beam skills Signup and view all the answers

In Lambert, Moore and Dixon's (1999) study, what was the age range of the participants?

Twelve or thirteen years old Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the second phase in Lambert, Moore and Dixon's (1999) study?

Identifying the most effective goal-setting strategy for each participant Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary dependent variable in Sariscsany, Darst and van der Mars' (1995) study?

Practice skill behaviour in volleyball underarm and forearm pass Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the verbal warning in Treatment one (physical restraint)?

To signal the start of the manual restraint Signup and view all the answers

How did the experimenter monitor behaviour occurrence and task performance in the no treatment condition?

By observing the participant during the sessions Signup and view all the answers

What was the criterion for selecting a treatment to be presented across all three time periods for the remainder of the study?

The treatment that produced a zero or near-zero rate of stereotypic behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the study illustrated in Figures 8.2 and 8.3?

Comparing the effects of physical restraint and positive practice overcorrection Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of the therapists in the study by Agras et al. (1969)?

To help the participant become more comfortable in the small windowless room Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the therapist who provided no reinforcement in the study by Agras et al. (1969)?

To maintain a friendly relationship with the participant Signup and view all the answers

What was the finding of the study by Agras et al. (1969) in the third phase of the intervention?

The participant discriminated between the therapists and performance was maintained with the therapist providing reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the small windowless room in the study by Agras et al. (1969)?

To assess the participant's fear of small rooms Signup and view all the answers

What was the type of data collected in the study by Agras et al. (1969)?

The time spent in the small room in seconds Signup and view all the answers

What was the research design used in the study by Agras et al. (1969)?

Alternating treatments design Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total practice time did the teacher provide specific skill feedback in the close supervision with feedback condition?

50 per cent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments resulted in a significantly higher percentage of on-task behaviour for two target participants?

Active supervision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the simultaneous-treatment design (STD)?

Determining participant preference among multiple treatments Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Browning (1967), what was the behaviour being targeted for reduction?

Bragging behaviour Signup and view all the answers

How were the three procedures implemented in the study by Browning (1967)?

Simultaneously, in a single session Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of the simultaneous-treatment design (STD)?

The participant is not exposed to all treatments equally Signup and view all the answers

What was the measure of treatment effectiveness in the study by Browning (1967)?

The frequency and duration of bragging incidents Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the simultaneous-treatment design (STD)?

It requires the participant to be equally exposed to all treatments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using the alternating-treatment design (ATD)?

It is a flexible and adaptable design Signup and view all the answers

Why is the simultaneous-treatment design (STD) less commonly used in applied research?

It has only been used in one applied research study Signup and view all the answers

When is the STD design likely to be more suitable in applied settings?

When studying popular misconceptions or confusions about techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a randomization design in ATDs?

It provides a way to organize the presentation of treatments and balance conditions across stimulus conditions Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider individual treatment preferences in applied research?

Because it provides a way to understand treatment adherence and overall treatment effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of using the STD design?

It is not suitable for studying differential effects of treatments or conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using qualitative methods in exploring intervention preferences?

It allows for the collection of social validation data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gathering information on treatment preferences?

To develop and modify innovative modes of intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the STD and ATD designs?

The STD is a variation of the ATD that evaluates participants' preferences among a variety of treatments presented simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the limitations of the STD design?

Because it may not be suitable for use in certain applied settings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using the ATD design in applied research?

It provides a way to understand treatment adherence and overall treatment effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider participant feedback in the development of new interventions?

Because it allows for the development of innovative modes of intervention Signup and view all the answers

Miks on nomoteetilise uurimisdisaini põhiline piirang rakendatud uurimistes seotud?

See maskib indiviidide reaktsioone ja vastuseid interventsioonidele. Signup and view all the answers

Miks on üksikjuhtumi disainid atraktiivsed võimalused rakendatud uurimistes?

See võimaldab uurida indiviidide reaktsioone interventsioonidele ajalise sõltuvuse kaudu. Signup and view all the answers

Kuidas võivad rakendatud uurimistes kasutada üksikjuhtumi disaineid, et võrrelda erinevaid interventsioone?

Üksikjuhtumi disainid võimaldavad võrrelda erinevaid interventsioone, kasutades intra-subjekti ajalise sõltuvuse võrdlust. Signup and view all the answers

Miks on oluline rakendatud uurimistes võtta arvesse indiviidide erinevaid reaktsioone interventsioonidele?

See on oluline, kuna üks ja sama interventsioon võib töötada ühel kliendil, kuid mitte teisel. Signup and view all the answers

Kuidas võivad rakendatud uurimistes kasutada nomoteetilisi disaineid, et leida keerulisemaid lahendusi?

Nomoteetilised disainid võimaldavad võrrelda erinevaid interventsioone, kuid piirang on indiviidide reaktsioonide maskimine. Signup and view all the answers

Miks on rakendatud uurimistes oluline võrrelda erinevaid interventsioone?

See on oluline, kuna erinevaid interventsioone võib vaja rakendada erinevate klientide jaoks. Signup and view all the answers

Millised kolm võimalikku tulemust võivad tekkida, kui ravimeid võrreldakse ühes subjekti sees, ning mis on nende tulemuste tagajärjed?

Ravisid muutuvad tõhusamaks, ravisid muutuvad vähem tõhusamaks, üks ravi muutub tõhusamaks esmase ravi tõttu Signup and view all the answers

Miks on oluline kontrollida, tuvastada ja kirjeldada MTI (ravime interference) olemasolu oma uurimustes?

Sest ilma MTI kontrollimata võib juhtuda, et tulemused on ekslikud või ebausaldusväärsed Signup and view all the answers

Miks on raske teha järeldusi interventsiooni tõhususe kohta multimodaalsetes interventsioonidisainides spordi ja harjutuse kirjanduses?

Sest need disainid teevad raskeks määrata, milline interventsiooni aspekt on oma sihtmääramisele kõige suuremat mõju avaldanud Signup and view all the answers

Mida tähendab MTI (ravime interference) ja miks on see oluline eksperimentaaldisaini kontekstis?

MTI tähendab, et ühe ravime tulemused mõjutavad teise ravime tulemusi, ning see on oluline eksperimentaaldisaini kontekstis, sest ilma MTI kontrollimata võib juhtuda, et tulemused on ekslikud või ebausaldusväärsed Signup and view all the answers

Miks on oluline kontrollida, tuvastada ja kirjeldada MTI olemasolu ühes subjekti sees?

Sest ilma MTI kontrollimata võib juhtuda, et tulemused on ekslikud või ebausaldusväärsed, ning see võib teha järeldusi raskeks Signup and view all the answers

Millised on peamised probleemid, mis tekivad mitmeelemendiliste interventsioonidisainide kasutamisel spordi ja harjutuse kirjanduses?

Need probleemid on seotud MTI olemasoluga, mis võib teha järeldusi raskeks, ning raskeks määrata, milline interventsiooni aspekt on oma sihtmääramisele kõige suuremat mõju avaldanud Signup and view all the answers

Milline on peamine eelis alternatiivsete ravimite disainist (ATD) võrreldes teiste üksikujuhtude disainiga?

ATD lubab uurida individuaalset reaktsiooni ja vastust intervenciónile. Signup and view all the answers

Mida peaksid uurijad ja praktikud arvestama, kui nad uurivad üksiku indiviidi reaktsiooni intervenciónile?

Nende peaksid arvestama indiviidi erilisusega ja võimalikuks koormuse efektiga. Signup and view all the answers

Milline on peamine puudus nomothetilises uurimises?

Nomothetilises uurimises on raske indiviidi reaktsiooni ja vastust intervenciónile uurida. Signup and view all the answers

Milline on alternatiivsete ravimite disaini (ATD) peamine eelis rakenduses?

ATD lubab uurida individuaalset reaktsiooni ja vastust intervenciónile ning võimaldab vähendada koormuse efekti. Signup and view all the answers

Mida tähendab termin "within-subjects design"?

See tähendab, et üks indiviid osaleb mitmes erinevas tingimuses. Signup and view all the answers

Milline on koormuse efektiga seotud probleem uurimuses?

Koormuse efekt võib põhjustada väärtõlkumisi tulemustes, kui mitu intervencióni rakendatakse järjest. Signup and view all the answers

How does the experimenter monitor behaviour occurrence and task performance in the no treatment condition?

The experimenter monitors behaviour occurrence and task performance through an extended baseline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the verbal warning in Treatment one (physical restraint)?

The verbal warning is a precursor to manual restraint of the participant's hand on the tabletop for thirty seconds. Signup and view all the answers

How does Treatment two (positive practice overcorrection) differ from Treatment one (physical restraint)?

Treatment two involves manual guidance in appropriate manipulation of the task materials for thirty seconds, whereas Treatment one involves manual restraint. Signup and view all the answers

What is the criterion for selecting a treatment to be presented across all three time periods for the remainder of the study?

A treatment that produces a zero or near-zero rate of stereotypic behaviour is selected. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the study illustrated in Figures 8.2 and 8.3?

The study focuses on the effect of different treatments on stereotypic behaviours and task performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the alternating treatments design in this study?

The purpose is to compare the effectiveness of different treatments in reducing stereotypic behaviours and improving task performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of close supervision in the context of Applied Behavior Analysis, and how is it related to the treatment condition of physical restraint in the study illustrated in Figure 8.2?

Close supervision refers to the direct observation and control of the individual's behavior, and in the study, it was used to prevent harm to the individual during the physical restraint treatment condition. Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of distant supervision, as opposed to close supervision, impact the effectiveness of feedback techniques in promoting on-task behavior?

Distant supervision may reduce the effectiveness of feedback techniques in promoting on-task behavior, as the supervisor may not be able to provide immediate and direct feedback to the individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between practice skill behavior and on-task behavior, and how can feedback techniques be used to enhance both?

Practice skill behavior refers to the individual's ability to perform a specific skill, and on-task behavior refers to the individual's engagement in the task. Feedback techniques can enhance both by providing clear and immediate feedback on the individual's performance. Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of positive practice, as illustrated in Figure 8.2, impact the individual's stereotypic hair twirling behavior and task performance?

The use of positive practice in the study led to a decrease in stereotypic hair twirling behavior and an increase in task performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of feedback in promoting on-task behavior, and how can feedback techniques be used to enhance task performance?

Feedback plays a crucial role in promoting on-task behavior by providing the individual with information about their performance, and feedback techniques can be used to enhance task performance by providing clear and immediate feedback. Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of physical restraint, as illustrated in Figure 8.2, impact the individual's behavior and task performance, and what are the implications for Applied Behavior Analysis?

The use of physical restraint in the study led to a decrease in task performance and an increase in stereotypic hair twirling behavior, highlighting the limitations of physical restraint as a treatment condition in Applied Behavior Analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What type of supervision pattern may lead to increased on-task behavior and improved practice skill behavior among students, as observed in Sariscsany, Darst and van der Mars' (1995) study?

Close Supervision Signup and view all the answers

In a sport and exercise setting, what type of supervision pattern might facilitate off-task behavior among students, as opposed to its alternative?

Distant Supervision Signup and view all the answers

What technique may be used to enhance on-task behavior and practice skill behavior among students, as seen in Sariscsany, Darst and van der Mars' (1995) study?

Feedback Techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the behavior of engaging in teacher-directed activities, as observed in Sariscsany, Darst and van der Mars' (1995) study?

On-task Behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior is characterized by engaging in specific skills, such as volleyball underarm and forearm pass, as seen in Sariscsany, Darst and van der Mars' (1995) study?

Practice Skill Behaviour Signup and view all the answers

How do locus of control and goal-setting influence an individual's on-task behavior, as observed in the study by Taylor and Francis Ltd?

Individuals with an internal locus of control tend to perform better with self-set goals, while those with an external locus of control perform better with coach-set goals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD)

The ATD is a single-case design used to compare two or more interventions with an individual participant.
The design involves systematically alternating two or more interventions across time and comparing the relative responses of the target variable to each intervention.

Key Features of ATD

The participant is exposed to separate treatment conditions for equal periods of time.
Treatments are alternated for a brief period, and the order of the treatments is counterbalanced or randomly assigned across phases of the study.
The ATD allows for the collection of data on the total number of stereotypic behaviors during each session and performance on visual motor tasks.

Examples of ATD Studies

Agras et al. (1969) used the ATD to evaluate the effects of social reinforcement in the treatment of claustrophobia.
Rhymer et al. (2000) used the ATD to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program that combined timings, peer tutoring, positive practice overcorrection, and performance feedback on mathematics fluency in four elementary students with mathematics skills deficits.

Advantages of ATD

The ATD is a flexible and adaptable design that allows for multiple comparisons of the target variable(s) responses under different treatment conditions.
The design is useful when a researcher or practitioner is concerned with comparing treatments with no treatment or with comparing two or more treatments with the same participant.

Limitations of ATD

The ATD has received little or no attention from researchers and practitioners in sport and exercise settings.

Variations of ATD

Simultaneous-Treatment Design (STD): a variation of the ATD that presents two or more treatments simultaneously in a single case.
STD evaluates participants' preference among a variety of treatments because they are available at the same time or in the same session.

Critique of ATD

The ATD has been criticized for its limitations in terms of internal validity, external validity, and maintenance of treatment effects over time.### Alternative Treatment Design (ATD)
The ATD is a single-case design used to compare the effects of different treatments or interventions on a specific behavior or outcome.
The ATD involves alternating between two or more treatments in a systematic and controlled manner to evaluate their effectiveness.

Examples of ATD in Sport and Exercise Settings

Wolko et al. (1993) used the ATD to compare the effects of standard coaching with public self-regulation and private self-regulation on gymnastic beam skills.
Lambert, Moore, and Dixon (1999) used the ATD to investigate the relationship between goal-setting strategies and locus of control on "on-task" behavior in gymnasts.
Sariscsany, Darst, and van der Mars (1995) used the ATD to examine the effects of three supervision patterns on students' "on-task" activities and practice skill behavior.

Key Features of the ATD

The ATD involves a rapid alternation of treatments, allowing for a clear comparison of their effects.
The design is sensitive to changes in behavior, making it suitable for detecting treatment effects.
The ATD is useful for identifying the most effective intervention and for discontinuing ineffective treatments.

Advantages of the ATD

The ATD allows for a controlled evaluation of different treatments, making it a useful design for applied research.
The design is flexible and can be adapted to various settings and research questions.

Limitations of the ATD

The ATD may not be suitable for studying the long-term effects of treatments.
The design may not account for extraneous variables that may influence the outcome.

Other Design Variations of the ATD

The Standard Treatment Design (STD) is a variation of the ATD that evaluates participants' preferences among different treatments.
The Randomization Design is a variation of the ATD that involves presenting alternative treatments in a random order.

Importance of the ATD

The ATD has been increasingly used in applied research since the 1980s.
The design has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various interventions, including goal-setting strategies, self-regulation techniques, and supervision patterns.
The ATD is an important tool for researchers and practitioners seeking to develop and modify innovative modes of intervention.

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Learn about the importance of evidence-based practice in applied behavioural research and its application in interventions with clients or client groups. Explore the role of research in selecting effective interventions for specific issues or client groups.