Psühholoogia: Applied Behavioural Research
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Questions and Answers

Mis on peamiseks eesmärgiks rakendatud käitumise uurijatel ja praktikutel?

  • Võtta kasutusele efektseid sekkumisi (correct)
  • Võtta kasutusele tulemuslikke rakendusi
  • Täita klientide ja klientrühmade vajadusi
  • Võtta kasutusele nomoteetilisi uurimismeetodeid

    • Mida võimaldavad nomoteetilised uurimismeetodid?

  • Tuleviku ennustamist
  • Rühmade reaktsioonide uurimist
  • Individuaalsete reaktsioonide uurimist
  • Seaduste ja globaliseeritud arusaamade arendamist (correct)

    • Milleks on nomoteetilised uurimismeetodid rakendatud?

  • Individuaalsete klientide reaktsioonide uurimiseks
  • Tulemuslikkuse määramiseks
  • Suurte grupide reaktsioonide uurimiseks (correct)
  • Klientrühmade reaktsioonide uurimiseks

    • Mida võidakse leida nomoteetiliste uurimismeetodite kasutamisel?

    <p>Idiosünkraaseid reaktsioone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mille tõttu on nomoteetilised uurimismeetodid rakendatud?

    <p>Selleks, et arendada seadusi ja globaliseeritud arusaamade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida on nimetatakse nomoteetilise uurimismeetodiga seotud probleemiks?

    <p>Idiosünkraaste reaktsioonide puudumine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millist supervisori stiili kasutati uurimuses, kus õpetaja asus kaugel sihtmärgile ja andis tagasisidet vähemalt 50% praktiseerimise ajast?

    <p>Kaugsuhe koos tagasisidega</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milline uurimuse tulemus oli seotud tegevuste arvuga?

    <p>Segased tulemused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida uuriti uurimuses?

    <p>Superviseerimise efektiivsust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millist disaini kasutati uurimuses?

    <p>Üksikjuhtimise disain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas mõõdeti tegevuste efektiivsust?

    <p>Arvestades tegevuste kestvust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida eesmärki oli Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimuses?

    <p>Võrdlema kahte või enamalt ravi meetodit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milline on üksikjuhtimise disaini üks variatsioone?

    <p>Simultaantöötlusdisain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida kasutati Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimuses peamiselt meetodina?

    <p>ATD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida uuriti simultaantöötlusdisaini uurimuses?

    <p>Tegevuste efektiivsust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millist protseduuri kasutati uurimuses, et vähendada ülekohtust rääkimist?

    <p>Kiitust ja tähelepanu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kui palju aega võeti Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimuses matemaatikatalituste lahendamiseks?

    <p>Üks minut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida tähendab ATD?

    <p>Üksikjuhtimise Disain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida tehti Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimuses pärast katsefaasi?

    <p>Hindati tulemusi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milleks kasutatakse Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimusest saadud tulemusi?

    <p>Haridusprogrammide efektiivsuse uurimiseks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kes on uurinud üksikjuhtimise disaini?

    <p>Browning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kui kaua järelkontrolliti Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimuses tulemusi?

    <p>Seitse nädalat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida väidab Holcombe et al. (1994) oma uurimuses?

    <p>ATD on kasulik kahe või enamalt ravi meetodi võrdlemisel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida uuriti Hrycaiko ja Martin (1996) oma uurimuses?

    <p>Per cent accuracy of setting in volleyball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida võrreldi Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimuses?

    <p>Kaht või enamalt ravi meetodit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida kasutatakse Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner ja Jackson (2000) uurimuses, et võrrelda matemaatika oskusi?

    <p>Chess clocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millise interventsiooni efektiivsust näitas Wolko et al. (1993) uurimuses?

    <p>Privaatset iseeregulatsiooni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kui palju osalejaid oli Lambert, Moore ja Dixon (1999) uurimuses?

    <p>Neli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis oli Sariscsany, Darst ja van der Mars (1995) uurimuse peamiseks uurimisobjektiks?

    <p>Volleyballi harjutused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida uuriti Wolko et al. (1993) uurimuses?

    <p>Gümnaasikute är privaatse iseeregulatsiooni efektide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kui kaua kestis iga tingimus Lambert, Moore ja Dixon (1999) uurimuses?

    <p>Kaksteist sessiooni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis oli Lambert, Moore ja Dixon (1999) uurimuse sõltuvat muutujat?

    <p>On-task' tegevus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kui palju osalejaid oli Sariscsany, Darst ja van der Mars (1995) uurimuses?

    <p>Kuus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida uuriti Lambert, Moore ja Dixon (1999) uurimuses?

    <p>Gümnaasikute är erinevate eesmärkide seadmise efektide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis oli Wolko et al. (1993) uurimuse tulemus?

    <p>Privaatne iseeregulatsioon oli kõige efektiivsem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas jagati osalejaid Lambert, Moore ja Dixon (1999) uurimuses?

    <p>Kaheks nelja osaleja vahel, kus kaks oli sisemise ja kaks välimise lõimumise kontrolliga</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on stereotüüpilise käitumise kontrollimise meetod?

    <p>Positiivne praktika ülekorrektuur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on katseja süsteemi kolm aega?

    <p>Baseliin, katse, tulemus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida mõõdeti katse käigus?

    <p>Stereotüüpilise käitumise arv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas töötasid terapeudid patsiendi klaustrofoobia korral?

    <p>Erinevaid tehnikaid kasutades, üks terapeut andis kiitust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis oli patsiendi reaktsioon terapeudi kiitusele?

    <p>Patsient reageeris positiivselt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas muutus patsiendi käitumine?

    <p>Patsiendi käitumine muutus positiivselt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on katse tulemuseks?

    <p>Kiitus on efektiivne meetod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks muutusid terapeudid oma rollide?

    <p>Et näidata, et patsient reageerib ainult kiitusele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis oli katse tulemus patsiendi jaoks?

    <p>Patsient sai kiitust ja reageeris positiivselt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis oli katse eesmärk?

    <p>Tõestada, et kiitus on efektiivne meetod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on STD disain kasulik ravimite efektiivsuse uurimisel?

    <p>Sellepärast, et see võimaldab uurida ravimite efektiivsust, kui oleme huvitatud ravimite valiku uurimisest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on STD disaini põhiline eesmärk?

    <p>Uurida ravimite valikut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kas STD on kasulik disain, kui me tahame uurida, kuidas ravimid töötavad?

    <p>Ei, STD on kasulik, kui me tahame uurida, miks inimesed valivad kindlaid ravimeetodeid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on STD disaini põhiline puudus?

    <p>See ei võimalda uurida ravimite erinevate efektide jaotust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on STD disain kasulik spordi ja võimlemise kontekstis?

    <p>Sellepärast, et see võimaldab uurida, kuidas inimesed valivad kindlaid ravimeetodeid spordi ja võimlemise kontekstis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on randomiseerimise disain?

    <p>See on disain, mis võimaldab esitada alternatiivseid ravimeetodeid juhuslikus järjekorra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on randomiseerimise disain kasulik?

    <p>Sellepärast, et see võimaldab esitada alternatiivseid ravimeetodeid juhuslikus järjekorra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on STD ja randomiseerimise disaini põhiline erinevus?

    <p>STD esitab alternatiivseid ravimeetodeid korrapärases järjekorra, aga randomiseerimise disain esitab neid juhuslikus järjekorra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on STD ja randomiseerimise disain keerulised?

    <p>Sellepärast, et need on keerulised statistilised meetodid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on STD ja randomiseerimise disain kasulikud?

    <p>Sellepärast, et need võimaldavad uurida kuidas inimesed valivad kindlaid ravimeetodeid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on ühekordse korralduse disainid atraktiivsed võimalused rakenduslike uurijate jaoks?

    <p>sest need võimaldavad uurida indiviidi reaktsioone ja vastuseid interventsioonile üle aja</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on ühekordse korralduse disaini peamine eelis rakenduslike uurijate jaoks?

    <p>see võimaldab uurida indiviidi reaktsioone ja vastuseid interventsioonile üle aja</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida saab välja selgitada, kasutades alternatiivseid interventsiooniprogramme?

    <p>milline interventsioon on kõige tõhusam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on ATD-disaini kasutamisel võimalik võrrelda erinevaid interventsiooniprogramme?

    <p>sest see võimaldab võrrelda erinevaid interventsiooniprogramme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on ATD-disaini peamine omadus?

    <p>see võimaldab sistematiiliselt vahetada kaht või enam interventsiooni ajas ja võrrelda nende suhtelist efektiivsust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on ATD-disaini võimalik puudus?

    <p>see ei võimalda koguda baseliini andmeid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida saab välja selgitada, kasutades ATD-disaini?

    <p>milline interventsioon on kõige tõhusam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on ATD-disaini kasutamisel võimalik võrrelda erinevaid interventsiooniprogramme?

    <p>sest see võimaldab võrrelda erinevaid interventsiooniprogramme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on ATD-disaini kasutamise peamine eelis?

    <p>see võimaldab kiiresti muuta eksperimentaalseteid tingimusi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on ühekordse korralduse disaini peamine eelis rakenduslike uurijate jaoks?

    <p>see võimaldab uurida indiviidi reaktsioone ja vastuseid interventsioonile üle aja</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on oluline, kui muutuja võtab kokku kiire faasi või ravimeetodi muutusi?

    <p>Võrreldes erinevate ravimeetoditega, on efekt võimalik.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on Erici tennisemängija doktor esitanud talle päevaseid praktiseerimiste ülesandeid?

    <p>Et kontrollida tema praktiseerimise regulaarsust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida tähistab Figure 8.1 esimene paneel?

    <p>Erici päevast praktiseerimist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida tegi doktor Ericile meeldetuletuseks?

    <p>Saatis talle e-kirja.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis oli doktori teiseks ravimeetodiks?

    <p>SMS-teade meeldetuletus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on ATD disaini tähtis omadus?

    <p>Ravimeetodite vaheldumine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miks on ATD disaini kasutamine Applied researchis kasvanud?

    <p>Sellepärast, et see on võimalik võrdlema erinevaid ravimeetodeid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas on võimalik võrrelda erinevaid ravimeetodeid?

    <p>Võrdlemiseks tuleb kasutada ATD disaini.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on Ollendick, Shapiro ja Barrett (1981) uurimuse eesmärk?

    <p>Võrrelda kahe ravimeetodi tulemuslikkust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida tähistab Ollendick, Shapiro ja Barrett (1981) uurimuse target muutuja?

    <p>Bizarre hand movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of nomothetic research designs?

    <p>They mask individual reactions and responses to interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are practitioners and researchers expected to draw upon evidence-based practice?

    <p>To ensure that interventions are effective relative to a particular issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of nomothetic research designs?

    <p>They allow for the development of principles and laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice?

    <p>To develop effective interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design is typically used to identify effective interventions?

    <p>Nomothetic research design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do practitioners and researchers need to consider individual reactions and responses to interventions?

    <p>To understand individual differences in responses to interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using an Alternating Treatments Design (ATD) in research?

    <p>To compare the effectiveness of multiple treatments simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the baseline phase in an ATD?

    <p>To document the participant's natural behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ATD design useful for identifying the most effective intervention?

    <p>Because it allows for the comparison of multiple treatments simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using an ATD over a traditional randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>It allows for the comparison of multiple treatments simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the intervention phase in an ATD?

    <p>To introduce the treatment conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many treatment conditions are typically compared in an ATD?

    <p>Three or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using an ATD in applied research?

    <p>It allows for the comparison of multiple treatments simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of using an ATD?

    <p>It is difficult to establish a causal relationship between a single treatment and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the daily adherence records in the example of Eric the tennis player?

    <p>To track the participant's adherence to the treatment conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using email reminders and SMS text alerts as treatments in the example of Eric the tennis player?

    <p>They can be easily implemented and compared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the baseline data collection in the study?

    <p>To establish a norm for the visual motor tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the verbal warning in Treatment One?

    <p>To signal the start of the physical restraint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Agras et al. (1969) study?

    <p>To compare the effects of social reinforcement and no praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary outcome measure in the Agras et al. (1969) study?

    <p>Time spent in the small windowless room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the therapists in the Agras et al. (1969) study?

    <p>To provide reinforcement and no reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Agras et al. (1969) study?

    <p>The participant discriminated between the therapists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the ATD design in the study?

    <p>To compare the effects of two or more treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the study in terms of the effectiveness of the treatments?

    <p>Positive practice was the most effective treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the experimenter in the study?

    <p>To monitor participant behavior and task performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the extended baseline in the no-treatment condition?

    <p>To collect additional data on stereotypic behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of researchers and practitioners in applied settings?

    <p>Identifying effective interventions for individual clients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of single-case designs in applied research?

    <p>They enable the study of individual responses to interventions over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collecting baseline data in single-case designs?

    <p>To illustrate the natural state of the target variable and allow comparison between baseline and treatment responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of alternating-treatments design (ATD) that makes it a between-series design?

    <p>It involves comparing results from two or more separate series of data points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ATD design considered an extremely flexible and adaptable design?

    <p>Because it is based on a group of experimental designs common to the study of operant behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rapidly changing experimental conditions in the ATD design?

    <p>To compare the effectiveness of different interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using the ATD design in applied research?

    <p>It enables the comparison of multiple interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ATD design that makes it different from other single-case designs?

    <p>It involves the rapid change of experimental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of counterbalancing or randomly assigning treatments across phases in the ATD design?

    <p>To control for potential confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the rapid phase changes in the ATD design?

    <p>The inference of treatment effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Rhymer, Dittmer, Skinner, and Jackson (2000) study?

    <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on mathematics fluency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the time duration for each maths sheet in the baseline phase of the Rhymer et al. study?

    <p>One minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the assessment performance feedback phase in the Rhymer et al. study?

    <p>To provide feedback on the number of correct problems per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of the Rhymer et al. study?

    <p>Serving as tutee and as a tutor, and receiving assessment performance feedback, resulted in initial and maintained increases in maths fluency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the alternating-treatments design (ATD) according to Holcombe et al. (1994)?

    <p>Allows for rapid alternating of treatments to compare two or more treatments with the same participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of the ATD design?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the Hrycaiko and Martin (1996) study?

    <p>Comparing the effects of three different treatments to improve percentage accuracy of setting in volleyball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the ATD design and other single-subject designs?

    <p>The ATD design allows for rapid alternating of treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using the ATD design in the sport and exercise literature?

    <p>It allows for rapid alternating of treatments to compare two or more treatments with the same participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conclusion that can be drawn from the Rhymer et al. study?

    <p>Serving as tutee and as a tutor, and receiving assessment performance feedback, resulted in initial and maintained increases in maths fluency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Wolko et al. (1993), what was the most effective intervention in three of the five gymnasts?

    <p>Standard coaching plus private self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dependent variable in the study by Lambert, Moore, and Dixon (1999)?

    <p>On-task behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the simultaneous-treatment design?

    <p>To compare the effectiveness of multiple treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many participants were selected to take part in the study by Lambert, Moore, and Dixon (1999)?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unique feature of the study by Browning (1967)?

    <p>The simultaneous availability of all treatment conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of phase two in the study by Lambert, Moore, and Dixon (1999)?

    <p>To establish the optimal condition for each participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the STD, what happens to the participant's exposure to treatments?

    <p>The participant is not equally exposed to all treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many supervision patterns were investigated in the study by Sariscsany, Darst, and van der Mars (1995)?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the simultaneous-treatment design?

    <p>The participant will not be equally exposed to all treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the age range of the participants in the study by Lambert, Moore, and Dixon (1999)?

    <p>12-13 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the simultaneous-treatment design useful in research?

    <p>It allows for the comparison of multiple treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the study by Wolko et al. (1993) in terms of the frequency of successfully completing gymnastic beam skills?

    <p>Treatment 2 was more effective than treatment 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the ATD design?

    <p>It allows for the evaluation of multiple treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the study by Lambert, Moore, and Dixon (1999)?

    <p>To compare the effects of self-set and coach-set goals on on-task behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ATD design?

    <p>To compare the effectiveness of multiple treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long did each condition last in the study by Wolko et al. (1993)?

    <p>Six sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the STD contrast with the ATD?

    <p>The STD evaluates multiple treatments, while the ATD evaluates a single treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the study by Sariscsany, Darst, and van der Mars (1995) in terms of on-task behavior?

    <p>On-task behavior increased under two of the three supervision patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a variation of the ATD design?

    <p>The simultaneous-treatment design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of the ATD design?

    <p>It is not flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of the Single-Case Design (STD) as mentioned in the text?

    <p>It is unsuitable for studying differential effects of treatments or conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the randomization design in single-case designs?

    <p>It provides a strategy to organize the presentation of treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the STD recommended for use in areas of behavior change where information on treatment preferences is desired?

    <p>Because it provides information on why certain techniques were and were not preferred by participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the STD and the ATD?

    <p>The STD is used for understanding individual treatment preferences, while the ATD is used for evaluating treatment effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the STD in applied research?

    <p>To understand individual treatment preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ignoring used as a treatment of choice in the study presented in Figure 8.9?

    <p>Because it was the least preferred treatment by the participant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using qualitative methods in gathering information on intervention preferences?

    <p>They provide more detailed information on why certain techniques were and were not preferred by participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using self-report measures in gathering information on intervention preferences?

    <p>They do not provide detailed information on why certain techniques were and were not preferred by participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using the STD in applied research?

    <p>To understand why certain interventions are preferred by participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the STD and the randomization design?

    <p>The STD is used for understanding individual treatment preferences, while the randomization design is used for evaluating treatment effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD)

    • Kasutatakse praktikas, kui on vaja leida efektiivset interventsiooni klientide või klientide grupile
    • Eesmärk on leida, kumb interventsioon on kõige efektsem
    • Nomootilised uuringud on kasutatud suurte grupidega, kuid need maskeerivad individuaalseid reaktsioone ja responde
    • ATD lubab uurida individuaalseid reaktsioone ja responde interventsioonidele

    Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD) põhimõtted

    • Kasutatakse kahte või enama interventsiooni, mis alternatiivselt rakendatakse aja jooksul
    • Igale interventsioonile on oma aeg või faas
    • Võrreldakse interventsioonide tulemusi ja jälgitakse parimat tulemust

    Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD) näited

    • Ericu näitel, kust kasutati kaht interventsiooni (e-mail reminder ja SMS teksti vahendus), et encouragement praktiseerimiseks
    • Ollendick, Shapiro ja Barrett (1981) uurisid kaht interventsiooni stereotüüpse käitumise vähendamiseks
    • Agras, Leitenberg, Barlow ja Thomson (1969) uurisid sotsiaalset tugevust omaatlestamiseks klaustrofoobia ravimiseks

    Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD) rakendused spordi ja füüsilises hariduses

    • Hrycaiko ja Martin (1996) leidsid, et ATD rakendused on väga harva kasutatud spordi ja füüsilises hariduses

    • Wolko jt. (1993) uurisid kaht interventsiooni (standard coaching vs standard coaching plus public self-regulation) gümnastikalistel võistlustel

    • Lambert, Moore ja Dixon (1999) uurisid kaht interventsiooni (self-set goals vs coach-set goals) gümnastikalistel võistlustel### Teadusuuringu disainid

    • Alternatiivteade disain (ATD) on üks tähtsamaid üksikkude uuringute meetodeid rakenduslikus käitumise teaduses.

    • ATD koosneb kahest osast: kontrollfaasist ja sekkumisfaasist.

    • Kontrollfaasis määratakse osalejate oma eesmärke ja sekkumisfaasis on osalejatel võimalus saada kohtaega oma eesmärkide saavutamiseks.

    Suunatud juhtimise mõju uurimine

    • Sariscsany, Darst ja van der Mars (1995) uurisid kolme juhtimislaadi mõju õpilaste tegevustele (i.e. õpetajadirekteeritud tegevustele) ja võimlemisoskuste arengule.
    • Uurimiseks kasutati ATD-d, et hinnata osalejate tegevusi kolme juhtimislaadi korral: lähedalolev juhtimine tagasisidetega, eemalolev juhtimine tagasisidetega ja eemalolev juhtimine ilma tagasisideteta.

    Rööpvõrdlusdisain

    • Rööpvõrdlusdisain (STD; Browning 1967; Browning ja Stover 1971) on üks ATD variatsioon, kus kahe või enama sekkumist esitatakse samaaegselt ühes uuringus.
    • STD võimaldab kollektida informatsiooni sekkumiste eelistuste kohta, kuna osalejad on võimelised valima, millist sekkumist nad eelistavad.

    Juhusliku esitamise disain

    • Juhusliku esitamise disain (Edgington 1966, 1972) on teine ATD variatsioon, kus alternatiivseid sekkumisi esitatakse juhuslikus järjekorras.
    • Selle disaini eesmärk on saada täpsemat informatsiooni sekkumiste tõhususe kohta, kuna juhuslik esitamine võimaldab võrrelda erinevate sekkumiste efektide tõhusust.

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    Description

    Psühholoogia alal töötavad uurijad ja praktikutajad peaksid kasutama tõenduspõhist praktikat klientidega töötamisel. Valitud intervenciónid peavad olema efektiivsed konkreetse probleemi või klientrühma suhtes.

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