Pathway 13-4-2 The Pulpal Interstitium and Ground Substance Hyaluronan

Study Notes

Apples (Malus domestica) are a fruit belonging to the Rosaceae family and originating in Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan.
They are a popular fruit with various nutritional benefits and diverse culinary uses.

Apples are a low-calorie fruit, providing approximately 52 calories per 100 grams.
They are a good source of carbohydrates (14g per 100g), dietary fiber (2.4g per 100g), and sugars (10g per 100g).
Apples are rich in Vitamins C, A, and K, as well as minerals like potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Apples are rich in antioxidants, such as flavonoids and polyphenols.
These antioxidants contribute to reducing oxidative stress, which may help in disease prevention.
Apples can benefit heart health by potentially lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
Their high fiber content promotes a feeling of fullness, aiding in weight management.
The fiber also assists in digestive health, improving regularity and overall gut function.

Some common apple varieties include Red Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji, Honeycrisp, and Gala.
These varieties are known for their distinct flavors, textures, and uses.

Apples thrive in temperate climates and require chilling hours for successful fruiting.
They grow best in well-drained soil, under full sun exposure.
It is important to plant multiple apple varieties for cross-pollination.
Common pests that threaten apples include apple maggots and codling moths.

The apple often holds symbolic connotations of knowledge, temptation (as seen in the Bible), and health.
Many cultures celebrate apple harvests with distinct traditions and festivals..

Sustainable apple production emphasizes organic farming practices, minimizing environmental impact.
Apple orchards play a vital role in maintaining pollinator populations and supporting biodiversity.

Hyaluronan is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in dental pulp.
Hyaluronan receptor-1 (CD44) is present on lymphatic vessels and immune cells within the dental pulp.
Lymphatic vessels remove hyaluronan from the tissue.
Hyaluronan is metabolized in lymph nodes and by endothelial cells in the liver.

Hyaluronan is a key structural component of the interstitial matrix
Hyaluronan is an unbranched, random-coil molecule composed or repeating nonsulfated disaccharide units
Hyaluronan is found in the interstitium as free molecules or bound to cells
Hyaluronan can bind to cells via its connection to fibronectin
Hyaluronan's large molecular weight and protein structure give it unique properties
Hyaluronan has a high viscosity even at low concentrations
Hyaluronan exhibits exclusion properties
Hyaluronan has a strong affinity for water