Apparel and Textile Industry Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the textile segment in the apparel and textile industry?

The textile segment processes fibers to produce yarns and fabrics, and performs dyeing and finishing.

Differentiate between Clotech and Protech in the textile industry.

Clotech produces non-technical clothing like dresses and jackets, while Protech produces protective textile products like personal protective clothing.

What characterizes the Medtech sub-industry within the textile sector?

Medtech is characterized by the production of textile products for medical and health applications, such as surgical gowns and masks.

What are the key applications of the Buildtech sub-industry in textiles?

<p>Buildtech produces textile products used as building materials, including reinforcement for concrete and lightweight construction materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how yarns are formed and their significance in the textile production process.

<p>Yarns are formed by spinning or twisting fibers together; they are crucial as they are interlaced or blended to create fabrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main focus of the Packtech sub-industry.

<p>Packtech focuses on producing textile products for goods packaging, such as packaging bags and transport coverings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between fabrics and yarns in textile manufacturing.

<p>Fabrics are made from yarns by joining them together through interlacing, interloping, or blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of textile products does the Agrotech sub-industry provide?

<p>Agrotech provides textile products for agricultural applications, including soil covering materials and packaging bags for produce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geometric properties of fibres can be classified to understand their characteristics?

<p>The geometric properties include cross-sectional area, shape, and length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two tensile properties of textile materials and explain their significance.

<p>Two tensile properties are tenacity and breaking load; they are significant as they indicate the strength and durability of the textile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do different fibers respond to acidic and alkaline conditions?

<p>Cotton has poor resistance to acids and good resistance to alkalis, while wool and nylon exhibit varied responses, with wool being good to weak acids but poor to strong acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceptable pH range for textiles according to OEKO-TEX standards, and why is it important?

<p>The acceptable pH range is 4 to 7.5; it is important to prevent skin irritation in humans as the skin's pH is around 5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define yield point in the context of tensile properties of fibers.

<p>The yield point is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically, indicating the limit of elastic behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mechanical properties such as friction and roughness in textile materials?

<p>Friction affects the wearability and feel of textiles, while roughness influences surface behavior and comfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what 'creep' means in the context of textile materials.

<p>Creep refers to the tendency of a material to deform permanently under the influence of constant stress over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of sorption, how do chemical properties affect the dyeability of fibers?

<p>Sorption influences how well a fiber can absorb dyes, which impacts the color vibrancy and durability of the finish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific density range of cotton, and how does it compare to wool?

<p>The specific density of cotton ranges from 1.50 to 1.54 g/cm³, while wool has a specific gravity of 1.30 to 1.32 g/cm³.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of moisture absorption for the tensile strength of cotton.

<p>Moisture absorption in cotton increases its tensile strength, enhancing the fiber's performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the resistance of wool to different environmental factors and how it compares to cotton.

<p>Wool has fair resistance to acids but poor resistance to alkalis, whereas cotton has poor resistance to acids but good resistance to alkalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature range leads to the degradation of wool, and how does this compare to cotton?

<p>Wool begins to degrade at 130°C and chars at 300°C, while cotton turns yellow at 100°C and decomposes quickly at 240°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elastic recovery percentage of cotton at 2% and 5% elongation, and how does this indicate its elasticity?

<p>Cotton has an elastic recovery of about 74% at 2% elongation and 45% at 5% elongation, indicating poor elasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical property makes flax an effective material for warm-weather clothing?

<p>Flax is a good conductor of heat and can absorb moisture, which allows it to feel cool and dry in warm conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the tensile strength of flax compare to other natural fibers?

<p>Flax has one of the highest tensile strengths among natural fibers, with a tenacity of 5.5 to 6.5 grams per denier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the overlapping scales in wool fibers and their effect on insulation.

<p>The overlapping scales in wool fibers help retain air and heat, contributing to excellent insulation properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the moisture regain of wool compare to that of cotton, and what implications does this have?

<p>Wool has a moisture regain of 15%, while cotton has a moisture regain of 7.1% to 8.5%, indicating wool's superior moisture retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does linen creases easily, and what measures can be taken to prevent this?

<p>Linen creases easily because of its low elastic recovery; special finishes can be applied to reduce creasing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of poor elongation in cotton fibers for fabric performance?

<p>The poor elongation of cotton, ranging from 7-10%, leads to limited stretchability and increased tendency to wrinkle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of linen's poor resistance to bacteria and mildew for its use in household linens?

<p>Linen's poor resistance to bacteria and mildew can lead to hygiene issues if not properly maintained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how the chemical resistance properties of linen affect its care and longevity.

<p>Linen's good resistance to alkalis and most organic solvents enhances its care and longevity, making it durable during cleaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of linen allows it to become softer over repeated use, and what is its effect on comfort?

<p>Linen becomes softer with repeated laundering, which enhances comfort during use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one key aesthetic property of linen and its impact on consumer choice.

<p>The crisp and fresh appearance of linen fabric makes it appealing for consumers looking for stylish warm-weather clothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of flax contributes to its effectiveness in humid conditions?

<p>Flax can absorb up to 20 times its weight in moisture before feeling damp, making it effective in humid conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of linen makes it preferable for summer apparel compared to cotton?

<p>Linen is an extremely good conductor of heat, allowing body heat to escape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the wax content in flax contribute to its aesthetic appeal?

<p>Higher wax content gives flax a distinctive lustre, making it more lustrous than cotton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two applications of linen beyond clothing apparel.

<p>Linen is used in table wear and upholstery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes raw silk from spun silk?

<p>Raw silk is silk that has not undergone degumming, while spun silk is made from staple fibres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between mulberry silk and wild silk.

<p>Mulberry silk is produced by Bombyx mori and has good mechanical properties, while wild silk shows variations and is coarser.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the first two steps in the silk production process.

<p>The first two steps are reeling and throwing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dupion silk, and how is it created?

<p>Dupion silk is made when two silkworms spin their cocoons next to each other, resulting in uneven and irregular yarns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do silk fabrics require very few finishes compared to other textiles?

<p>Silk has natural lustre, softness, and drapability, reducing the need for additional finishes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes viscose rayon resemble silk, and what is its chemical composition similar to?

<p>Viscose rayon has a high lustre and soft hand feel resembling silk, but it is chemically more similar to cotton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance of viscose rayon fibers under a microscope.

<p>Viscose rayon fibers appear smooth with an irregular cross-section and exhibit numerous longitudinal striations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the viscose production process from wood pulp to viscose.

<p>Wood pulp is treated with caustic soda to form alkali cellulose, then carbon disulphide is added to make cellulose xanthate, which is dissolved, filtered, and aged to become viscose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the strength characteristics of viscose rayon compared to cotton.

<p>Viscose rayon has less strength than cotton, with its strength reduced by 40 to 70% when wet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the chemical resistance properties of viscose rayon in relation to alkalis and acids?

<p>Viscose rayon exhibits poor resistance to acids but is resistant to alkalis, although concentrated alkalis can damage it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the key fabric characteristics of viscose rayon that contribute to its comfort.

<p>Viscose rayon is soft, has high absorbency, excellent moisture management, and drapes well, making it comfortable to wear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List some industrial uses of viscose rayon and explain its significance.

<p>Viscose rayon is used in medical products, diapers, and sanitary napkins due to its absorbency and softness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential environmental concern associated with viscose rayon production?

<p>Prolonged exposure to UV light can damage viscose rayon, raising concerns about its durability and environmental impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Textile Segment

The primary part of the apparel industry that processes fibers into yarns and fabrics, and performs dyeing and finishing.

Apparel Segment

The segment that transforms textile materials into finished clothing products (e.g., dresses, jackets).

Retailing Segment

The part of the industry that purchases finished apparel and sells it to consumers.

Fibers

The raw materials used to create textiles, spun to make yarns.

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Yarns

Threads made from fibers, either natural or synthetic, used to create fabrics.

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Fabrics

Materials made from yarns, formed by interlacing or combining yarns.

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Clotech Industry

Produces everyday clothing like dresses, trousers, and jackets.

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Protech industry

Produces protective clothing for various needs like extreme temperatures.

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Fibre Geometric Properties

Physical characteristics of a fiber's cross-section, like area and shape, impacting its strength and how it interacts with other materials.

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Fibre Physical Properties

Fibre characteristics like density, heat response (melting points), and swelling, influencing its overall behavior.

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Fibre Chemical Resistance

The fiber's ability to withstand chemical reactions with acids and alkalis.

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Tensile Properties of Textiles

Measures like tenacity, breaking extension, and breaking load describe the strength and how a textile stretches before breaking under tension.

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pH Scale

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring acidity and alkalinity; 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, greater than 7 is alkaline.

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Human Skin pH

The acidity level of human skin, approximately 5 on the pH scale.

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Fibre pH and Identification

The pH of a fiber can aid in identifying it as different fibers have different reactions to various solution(acid/alkali) and have differing pH values.

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Optimal pH Range (Textiles)

The recommended pH range for textiles to avoid skin irritation, generally between 4 and 7.5.

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Cotton's Tensile Strength

Cotton's ability to resist being pulled apart. Its strength is affected by moisture; more moisture, more strength.

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Wool's Crimp

The wavy or curly structure of wool fibers that helps insulate and retains air.

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Cotton's Moisture Absorption

Cotton's ability to take in water and hold moisture up to 8%.

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Wool's Specific Gravity

Wool's density compared to water; wool is lighter than cotton.

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Wool's Elasticity

Wool's ability to stretch and return to its original shape.

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Cotton's Acid Resistance

Cotton does not withstand strong acids well.

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Wool's Degradation Temperature

Wool starts to break down at a temperature around 130ºC and burns at 300ºC.

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Wool's Elongation

Wool's ability to stretch up to 25% and recover almost completely.

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Flax Fiber Density

Flax fiber density ranges from 1.2 g/cm³ to 1.5 g/cm³.

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Linen Tensile Strength

Linen has a high tensile strength, measured at 65.8 cN/tex.

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Linen's Moisture Absorption

Linen can absorb up to 20 times its weight in moisture before feeling damp.

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Linen's Dimensional Stability

Linen has good dimensional stability, neither shrinking nor stretching.

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Linen's Acid Resistance

Linen has low resistance to strong acids, with cold acids causing gradual degradation.

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Flax Fiber Length

Flax fibers are typically 10-100cm long.

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Linen's Durability (Abrasion)

Linen is relatively resistant to wear and tear.

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Viscose Rayon

A regenerated cellulose fiber, resembling silk but chemically like cotton, with high luster and soft feel.

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Viscose Rayon Morphology

Smooth with irregular cross-section, rod-like with longitudinal striations (lines).

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Linen's Care Properties

Linen can be washed repeatedly; it also becomes softer with time.

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Viscose Process

Wood pulp treated with chemicals (caustic soda, carbon disulfide) to form a solution spun into fibers.

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Viscose Fiber Strength

Lower strength than cotton, reduced by 40-70% when wet.

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Viscose Elasticity

Good elasticity, but less than silk and wool.

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Viscose Moisture Absorption

More absorbent than cotton, more than linen.

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Viscose Shrinkage

Poor resistance to shrinkage, shrinks more than cotton.

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Viscose Acid Resistance

Poor resistance to acids

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Linen Properties

Linen is a natural fiber known for its comfort, absorption, heat conductivity, and aesthetic qualities.

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Linen Absorbency

Linen readily absorbs and dries moisture, leading to a cooler feeling.

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Silk Type: Mulberry Silk

Produced by Bombyx Mori silkworms, it's known for good mechanical properties and neutral color.

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Silk Type: Wild Silk

Produced by silkworms other than Bombyx mori, with variations in properties and a brown color.

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Silk Filament Fiber

Silk is a natural filament fiber, produced by silkworms.

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Raw Silk

Silk that hasn't been processed to remove sericin (gum).

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Silk Production Process

A multi-step process including reeling, throwing, spinning, bleaching, dyeing, and degumming.

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Linen Applications

Linen is used widely in apparel, tablewear, and various decorative and functional fabrics.

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Study Notes

Apparel (Clothing) and Textile Industry

  • Consists of three main segments: Textile, Apparel, and Retailing
  • Textile segment: Processes fibers, produces yarns and fabrics, and performs dyeing and finishes.
  • Apparel segment: Transforms textile materials into finished products (e.g., women's wear, menswear).
  • Retailing segment: Buys finished apparel and sells to consumers.

Sub-Industries

  • Clotech: Produces non-technical clothing (dresses, trousers, etc.).
  • Protech: Makes protective clothing (e.g., for extreme temperatures).
  • Medtech: Produces textile products for medical use (e.g., surgical gowns).
  • Hometech: Creates home textile products (e.g., cleaning cloths, pillows).
  • Agrotech: Makes textile products for agriculture (e.g., packaging bags).
  • Packtech: Produces textile products for packaging goods.
  • Buildtech: Makes textile products for building materials.
  • Geotech: Creates textile products for soil applications.
  • Indutech: Produces textile products for industrial uses (e.g., filtration).
  • Autotech: Makes textile products for vehicles (e.g., interiors).

Introduction to Fibers

  • Raw materials for textiles
  • Spun or twisted to make yarns.

Transformation of Fibers to Garments

  • Fibers are processed to form yarns.
  • Yarns are interwoven or knitted to form fabrics.
  • Fabrics are cut and assembled into garments.

Fiber Classification

  • Staple fibers: Short fibers (e.g., cotton, wool).
  • Filament fibers: Long fibers (e.g., nylon, polyester).
  • Natural fibers are sourced from plants, animals, and minerals.

Fiber Sources

  • Natural: Plant (cotton, flax), Animal (wool, silk), Mineral (asbestos)
  • Man-made: Regenerated (viscose, rayon), Synthetic (polyester, nylon)

Fiber Chemistry

  • Organic compounds (primarily carbon-based)
  • Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and polymers (like polyester, nylon).

Polymer Chemistry

  • Polymers are long chains of repeating units (monomers)
  • Often organic compounds
  • Two main categories are natural and manufactured (synthetic)

Polymer Classification

  • Natural: Cotton, wool, silk
  • Manufactured/Synthetic: Polyester, polyamide (nylon), polypropylene

Crystalline, Amorphous, and Semi-crystalline Structure

  • Crystalline: Ordered arrangement of polymers in the chain.
  • Amorphous: Disordered arrangement of polymers in the chain, the polymers are softer and easier to shape.
  • Semi-crystalline: Combination of ordered and disordered regions.

Polymer Fiber Properties

  • Geometric properties (cross-section, area, shape, length)
  • Physical properties (density, heat, transition, electrical)
  • Chemical properties (reaction to chemicals, dyeability, burning, swelling.

Chemical Resistance

  • Resistance to acids and alkalis differs among various fibers.
  • Cotton and wool have different properties.
  • Polyester and nylon have variations.

Fibre pH and Identification

  • pH: Measures acidity or basicity of a substance.
  • Range of 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline).
  • Fibers identified through microscopic, solubility, burning, and dye tests.

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Explore the diverse segments of the apparel and textile industry, including textile, apparel, and retailing. Learn about sub-industries such as Clotech, Protech, Medtech, and more, and how they cater to different market needs from fashion to healthcare. This quiz will enhance your understanding of this vital industry.

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