APLN - CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
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Questions and Answers

A volumetric pipette has an accuracy of:

  • 1:10
  • 1:100
  • 1:500
  • 1:1000 (correct)

    • A pipette with a bulb close to the delivery tip is used for viscous fluids and is called a:

  • Mohr pipette
  • Volumetric pipette
  • Lewis-Dahn pipette
  • Ostwald-Folin pipette (correct)

    • The etched rings on the top of a pipette means:

  • The pipette should be allowed to drain and the last drop should remain in the pipette
  • The last drop is to be blown out after the pipettes drains (correct)
  • The pipette is color coded
  • The pipette is a volumetric pipette

    • Standard solution from which 99.95% of the chemical can be retrieved are referred to as:

    <p>Primary standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When preparing solutions:

    <p>A percent solution can be prepared from a volumetric solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution in which the molecules of solute in solution are in equilibrium with excess undissolved molecules is referred to as:

    <p>Saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pure water has a pH of:

    <p>7.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 1 x 10^-6N solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) has a pH of:

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The statistical term that most specifically describes analytical precision is the:

    <p>Coefficient of variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quality control should be used with all procedures to determine:

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1. Deleted answer a

    <p>deleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A procedure has a 2SD variation from a mean value. How many values from a normal population will the 2 SD include:

    <p>95.45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Material with physical and chemical properties closely resembling the test specimen and containing concentrations of the substances being measured is known as:

    <p>Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Optical density, according to Beer’s law is:

    <p>Directly proportional to the concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference between serum and plasma is that serum does not contain:

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two control sera are desirable for each general chemistry procedure. Which of these combinations would be appropriate?

    <p>Mean of normal range and abnormal (high)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium fluoride is used in specimen collection to:

    <p>Prevent glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of oxalate recommended to be used as an anticoagulant, in mg/ML blood, is:

    <p>1-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) works as anticoagulant by:

    <p>Chelating calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The venipuncture site for a routine puncture is commonly cleaned with:

    <p>70% alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The one precaution to be followed with a specimen for bilirubin determination is to:

    <p>Protect from light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these substances cannot be preserved by freezing?

    <p>Lactic dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serum iron should be drawn at the same time on successive days to avoid:

    <p>Diurnal variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the proteins is soluble in water?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alpha-amino acids constitute the basic building blocks of proteins. The amino acids are joined together to form a chainlike structure through:

    <p>Peptide bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the four elements in proteins differentiate this class of substances from carbohydrates and lipids?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid cannot rotate polarized light?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins may become denatured when subjected to mechanical agitation, heat, or extreme chemical treatment. Denaturation of proteins refers to an:

    <p>Alteration in tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hemoglobin measurement technique employed for blood donors is:

    <p>Flotation technique of Philips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ratio of velocities of light in two different media refers to the:

    <p>Refractive index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most anodic protein on electrophoresis at pH 8.6 is:

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are dipolar or zwitterion compounds containing both positive and negative charges. When a protein is at its isoelectric point, the protein will have a:

    <p>Net zero charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Svedberg(S) number refer to protein:

    <p>Ultracentrifugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The macroglobulins belong to what sedimentation class?

    <p>19.0S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As urine is heated, a precipitate appears at 60C and disappears at 100C. The Substance present is a:

    <p>Bence Jones protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of separating albumin from globulins using sodium sulfate is known as:

    <p>Salting out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion of protein nitrogen content to protein content depends on the factor:

    <p>6.54</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true of the biuret reaction?

    <p>Is relatively free from interference by lipids and hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In acute renal failure which nonprotein nitrogen rises the fastest?

    <p>Blood urea nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is bromocresol purple the preferred indicator for albumin dye binding techniques?

    <p>There is less interference from pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is employed in the serum protein determination?

    <p>Biuret</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemolyzed serum should not be used for total protein because:

    <p>Hemoglobin is absorbed at the same wavelength as protein of biuret reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turbidity in serum is associated with the presence of:

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycoproteins and mucoproteins are usually bound to:

    <p>Galactose and mannose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are glycoproteins, except:

    <p>Cryoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is not applicable to mucoproteins?

    <p>Hormones and coagulation proteins are included in this class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many immunoglobulin classes are currently recognized?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing immunoglobulin are currently recognized?

    <p>Excess antibody and constant through distance between antibody and antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A normal serum protein electrophoresis has approximately 60% albumin and 5-10% each of the other 4 fractions. If an electrophoretic pattern shows 30% albumin, 4-10% of other fractions except gamma which is 45% you would expect what condition to exist in the patient?

    <p>Monoclonal gammopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applies to cryoglobulins?

    <p>They are temperature sensitive proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE of albumin?

    <p>It is produced in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To measure urinary protein you can use:

    <p>Biuret reagent with trichloroacetic acid pretreatment of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elevated creatinine value is most likely to be accompanied by which of these values?

    <p>Elevated blood urea nitrogen, 10x creatinine value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion factor for blood urea nitrogen to urea is:

    <p>2.14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the urease method, urea is enzymatically converted to:

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Untreated urine can be used for the determination of urea by the diacetyl monoxime method because:

    <p>The method is not measuring ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urinary creatine may be elevated in which of the following?

    <p>Muscle destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The measurement of creatinine is base of the formation of a yellow-red color with:

    <p>Alkaline picrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classic creatinine reaction is that of:

    <p>Jaffe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specificity of the Jaffe reaction can be enhanced by:

    <p>Adsorption with Lloyd’s reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease state associated with an elevation of serum uric acid is:

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common reagent employed in uric acid methodology by alkaline oxidation is:

    <p>Phosphotungstic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The uricase method for uric acid assay depends on:

    <p>Ultraviolet absorption peak at 290 nm before and after treatment with uricase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most precise method for amino acid determination is:

    <p>Gasometric ninhydrin reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urea clearance test is an indication of:

    <p>Overall kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The creatinine clearance is based on the assumption that creatinine:

    <p>Passes into the ultrafiltrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the clearance tests offers the most accurate measure of glomerular filtration?

    <p>Inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the clearance tests offers the best measure of tubular function?

    <p>P-aminohippurate (PAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A creatinine clearance test is performed. The 24-hour volume of urine is 770 ml; serum creatinine is 2.0 mg/dL and urine creatinine is 240 mg/dL. What is the clearance expressed in mL plasma cleared per minute, assuming average body surface?

    <p>60.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The usual determination of osmolality involves measurement of:

    <p>Freezing point depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of blood glucose?

    <p>In the glucose tolerance test (GTT), one may be faced with a normal blood glucose, accompanied by a positive urine glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with borderline blood glucose levels are further investigated by performing:

    <p>3 hour glucose tolerance test (GTT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The test that gives a two or three (2-3) month picture of a diabetic’s glucose levels is:

    <p>Hemoglobin A1C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following precautions is necessary to insure validity of the glucose tolerance test?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contamination of the glucose reagent with catalase is a problem with which glucose method?

    <p>Glucose oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hexokinase methodology for glucose determination is based on:

    <p>Reduced coenzyme read at 340 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are precipitated by which of the following reagents in the Folin-Wu method?

    <p>Tungstic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interfering reducing substances in the Folin-Wu glucose method may be removed by:

    <p>Zinc-barium precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the copper reduction method for glucose, measurable color is developed through the formation of:

    <p>Molybdenum blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most frequently employed automated method for glucose uses:

    <p>Reduction of alkaline ferricyanide to ferrocyanide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When sugars are separated by chromatography, the application of anisaldehyde/sulfuric acid/ethyl alcohol spray will identify galactose as what color spot?

    <p>Grey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seliwanoff’s test detects:

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xyloses excretion is helpful in the determination of:

    <p>Intestinal malabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prehepatic bilirubin has which of the following for a protein carrier?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in indirect-reacting bilirubin is suggestive of:

    <p>Hemoglobin breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct-reacting bilirubin is:

    <p>Bilirubin diglucuronide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilirubin is converted in the intestines to which of the following:

    <p>Urobilinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following will interfere with the Evelyn and Malloy method for bilirubin?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The “port wine” color of some urines can be attributed to:

    <p>Porphyrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is a constituent of which reagent?

    <p>Erlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both porphobilinogen and urobilinogen form a red-colored compound with Erlich’s reagent. Differentiation can be obtained by:

    <p>Solubility of urobilinogen in chloroform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilirubin will develop a violet color after which of the following is added:

    <p>Methyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A urine specimen that exhibits yellow foam on being shaken should be suspected of having an increased concentration of:

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An enzyme may be defined as a/an:

    <p>Biological catalyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemolysis will interfere with all of the following enzyme measurements except:

    <p>Aspartate aminotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high alkaline phosphatase level in the present of other negative liver function tests in indicative of:

    <p>Obstructive jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A metal ion is sometimes necessary in an enzymatic reaction to:

    <p>Act as an activator of the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of an isoenzyme?

    <p>The electrophoretic property is different for each isoenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the temperature is increased from 25C to 37C in the aspartate aminotransferase reaction, the activity of the reaction.

    <p>Almost doubles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Michaelis-Menten constant in the rate of conversion of substrate to product is determined by:

    <p>Substrate concentration and rate of dissociation of enzyme substrate complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a zero order reaction, there will be no further increase in velocity because:

    <p>All enzyme is bound to substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of:

    <p>Glycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE of the isoenzyme LD-1. It is:

    <p>Present in the greatest amount in normal heart tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactate + NAD —> Pyruvate + NADH. The catalyst in the reaction is:

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serum creatine kinase is clinically significant in diseases of the:

    <p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Creatine kinase is frequently elevated in disorders such as acute myocardial infarction (MI) and:

    <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kinetic or rate enzymatic methodologies, optical density decreases as:

    <p>Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - reduced form (NADP) is changed to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In myocardial infarction, the clinically significant enzymes are:

    <p>Creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a suspected myocardial infarction, you should perform creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes to demonstrate the:

    <p>MB fraction of creatine kinase and the LD 1-2 flip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In muscular dystrophy, the clinically significant enzymes are:

    <p>Creatine kinase, aldolase, aspartate aminotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ceruloplasmin is an alpha1 globulin that binds: albumin, alpha1,alpha 2 , beta , gamma - Normal SPE pattern

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Possibly the most sensitive enzyme indicator of liver function, particularly in obstructive jaundice is:

    <p>Alkaline phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In acute viral hepatitis, which of the following would NOT be suspected?

    <p>Alkaline phosphatase increase greater than aspartate aminotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimum pH for acid phosphatase?

    <p>5.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clinical significance of an elevated acid phosphatase is:

    <p>Prostatic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an acid phosphatase test cannot be performed immediately after collection, how should the serum be treated?

    <p>Either acidity or freeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tests for acid phosphatase detect levels of the enzyme from tissues such as:

    <p>Muscle, spleen and platelets Liver, spleen, prostate, and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substrate for the Cherry-Crandall lipase method is:

    <p>Olive oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because ionized calcium can be changed without affecting the total calcium level, what other parameter/s must be known to properly evaluate calcium?

    <p>pH and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classic Clark - Collip method for calcium is based on the assumption that calcium will be:

    <p>Precipitated as an oxalate and converted to oxalic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the titration of calcium oxalate with potassium permanganate, the temperature must be maintained at:

    <p>60-80C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low parathyroid hormone level will cause a:

    <p>Low serum calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the compleximetric titration (EDTA) method for calcium, the pH must be adjusted to prevent:

    <p>Interference by magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lanthanium in the atomic absorption determination of calcium? Lanthanium:

    <p>Will bind phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following can cause low chloride levels, EXCEPT:

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inorganic phosphate can be determined from a combination of trichloroacetic acid filtrate and:

    <p>Molybdate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At a pH of 7.4, most of the inorganic phosphate in the plasma is in which form?

    <p>HPO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A phosphorus value of 2.5 mEq/L would be how many mg/dL? (At W.P = 31)?

    <p>4.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The colorimetric method for magnesium employs which reagent?

    <p>Titan yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first step in the serum iron method involves:

    <p>Break-up of the iron-protein complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major extracellular cation is:

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major intracellular cation:

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these potassium values would be termed hypokalemic?

    <p>3.0 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the internal standard when sodium and potassium are measured by flame photometry?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the classic Schales and Schales (mercurimetric titration) method for chloride, what substance reacts with the indicator to form a violet color?

    <p>Excess Hg++</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the coulometric - amperometric method for chloride, the amount of chloride is measured by: AgCl produced

    <p>Amount of current needed to generate Ag+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gasometric analysis of CO2, the liberated gas is absorbed with:

    <p>Sodium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of caprylic alcohol in the gasometric method for CO2? To:

    <p>Maintain the atmospheric pressure at a constant value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal pH of blood is:

    <p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the Henderson - Hasselbach equation?

    <p>pH = pKa + log dissociated salt (A-)/undissociated salt (HA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ratio of bicarbonate: carbonic acid in normal plasma is:

    <p>20:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the CO2 in the blood is present in which form?

    <p>Bicarbonate ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen if blood is exposed to air during collection for pH and blood gas studies?

    <p>pCO2 decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the glass electrode of pH instrument is coated with protein, the pH value will be:

    <p>Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of the pCO2 electrode?

    <p>The actual pH of the sample has no effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wavelength at which oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin have the same absorbance is referred to as the:

    <p>Isoelectric point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is appropriate for the plotting of a concentration curve? On:

    <p>Semi-log paper, plot % units on y axis and standard concentration on x-axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing spectrophotometer quality control checks, the holmium oxide glass filter is used to assess:

    <p>Wavelength accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the ultraviolet range, which of these must be employed in the spectrophotometer?

    <p>Quartz cuvette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measurement by flame photometry involves:

    <p>Emission of a color, when an element is burned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on the measurement of:

    <p>Light absorbed at wavelength of resonance line by unexcited atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the light source in atomic absorption instrumentation?

    <p>Cathode lamp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quenching is a disadvantage encountered in:

    <p>Fluorometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To achieve the best levels of sensitivity and specificity, a type of detector system that a gas chromatograph may be coupled to is a/an:

    <p>Mass spectrophotometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Automated chemistry systems, whether discrete or continuous flow, must include:

    <p>Unknown, reagent, mixing of the previous two mentioned ingredients, reaction analysis, calculation and reporting of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an isotope has a half-life of 12 hours and an activity of 24 millicuries (mCi), what will its activity in 36 hours?

    <p>3 mCi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concentrated sulfuric acid has a normality of:

    <p>36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of instruments with the description:

    <p>Mixtures can be separated into individual compounds to be measured on the basis of differences in their physical = chromatography Analytes are measured in a sample by means of tubing diameter and flow rate = continuous flow analysis Samples and reagents are pipetted into cuvettes, read in a photometer and results are calculated = discrete processing system Light absorbed by an element is converted into concentration of the element = atomic absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major binding protein for T-4 is:

    <p>Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does iodine serve in the protein-bound iodine (PBI) methodology?

    <p>Acts as a catalyst in the cericarsenite reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A T-4 measured as iodine is 1.8 mcg/dL. To what thyroxine value is it equivalent?

    <p>2.75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In T-4 by radioimmunoassay (RIA), the more thyroxine present in the patient’s serum:

    <p>The less the amount of radioactive-labeled thyroxine bound to antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T-3 uptake is actually a measurement of:

    <p>TBG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The following tests are good indications of hypothyroidism except:

    <p>T-3 uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the steroids is identified as an 18 carbon compound that possesses a phenolic “A” ring?

    <p>Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The estrogen with the greatest concentration in urine is:

    <p>Estriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The standard for 17-ketosteroid determinations is:

    <p>Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of following is true regarding pregnanediol? It is

    <p>The excretion product of progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of steroids?

    <p>They contain the 21 carbon atoms of the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that controls the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kober reaction refers to the pink color resulting from the combination of hot concentrated sulfuric acid and extracted:

    <p>Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ittrich extraction for estrogens involves the reagent:

    <p>P-nitrophenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Porter-Silber reactions employs phenylhydrazine to detect:

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Zimmerman determination of 17-ketosteroids is based on reaction with:

    <p>Meta-dinitrobenzene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the measurement of 17-ketogenic steroids (17-hydroxycorticosteroids), prior treatment with what reagent is required?

    <p>Sodium bismuthate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catecholamines are secreted by the:

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a metabolite of epinephrine?

    <p>Vanillylmandelic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A two-hour pregnancy test can measure:

    <p>Chorionic gonadotropins, beta subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is true of an immunological test for pregnancy?

    <p>With the agglutination inhibition method, the presence of agglutination means a negative test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) will give a very specific radioimmunoassay test for the measurement of hCG?

    <p>Beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following specimens is/are used for pregnancy test?

    <p>B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ectopic pregnancy is one that occurs in the:

    <p>Fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by the:

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The highest level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) occurs in which of trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A glycoprotein consisting of two nonidentical noncovalently bound subunits is:

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some commercial kits now available for pregnancy tests incorporate which of the following?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To produce reliable results, at which time should blood specimens for lipid studies be drawn?

    <p>12-16 hour fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reagent for color development in the Liebermann-Burchard reaction for cholesterol is:

    <p>Acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the statements applies to Bloor’s reagent? It:

    <p>Is composed of ethanol and ether in a ration of 3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of the saponification step in some cholesterol methods is to:

    <p>Convert esters to free cholesterol so that all measured cholesterol is of the same type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of the digitonin in cholesterol methodology is the:

    <p>Precipitation of free cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of these clinical conditions may blood cholesterol be increased?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the Friedewald formula by which low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can be estimated? (TC = total cholesterol, TG = triglycerides, PL = phospholipids)

    <p>LDL cholesterol = TC - (TG/5 + HDL cholesterol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating a coronary risk index for a patient you should know the total cholesterol and:

    <p>High-density lipoprotein cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most triglyceride procedures involve measurement of:

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these lipids has the lowest density?

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The more current kinetic methods for the quantitation of serum triglycerides employ enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides may be accomplished by what enzyme?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migration sequence, from the origin, of lipoproteins is:

    <p>Chylomicrons, beta, pre-beta, alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diseases of which system are associated with elevated beta lipoprotein values?

    <p>Cardiovascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true for the oral route of drug administration?

    <p>Patient compliance is not always reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following therapeutic drugs is not an anticonvulsant?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The point of equilibrium between drug dosage intake and drug elimination is referred to as:

    <p>Steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major disadvantage of drug detection by immunoassays is:

    <p>Simultaneous assay of multiple drugs in on specimen is not feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lithium is measured by:

    <p>Flame photometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tricyclic antidepressants include:

    <p>Doxepin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a kidney stone is tested with sodium cyanide and sodium nitroprusside, the appearance of a magenta color identifies what substance?

    <p>Cystine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sweat chloride test is useful in the diagnosis of:

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of the radioisotope 51Cr provides a direct measurement of which of the following?

    <p>Red cells mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average volume for human beings, expressed in ml/kg body weight is:

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laboratory Techniques and Measurements

    • A volumetric pipette is known for its high accuracy in measuring liquid volumes.
    • Pipettes with a bulb near the delivery tip are specifically designed for handling viscous fluids.
    • Etched rings at the top of a pipette indicate the volume capacity of the pipette.
    • Standard solutions that allow for 99.95% recovery of a chemical are highly reliable for quantitative analysis.
    • Solutions should be prepared with precision to ensure accurate measurements.

    Solution Chemistry

    • A saturated solution is in equilibrium with excess undissolved solute.
    • Pure water has a neutral pH of 7.
    • A 1 x 10^-6N hydrochloric acid solution has a pH of 6.

    Statistical and Quality Control Measures

    • Analytical precision is best described by the statistical term "standard deviation."
    • Quality control is essential to maintain accuracy and reliability of laboratory procedures.
    • A procedure with a 2 standard deviation variation typically encompasses 95% of values from a normal population.

    Specimen Collection and Handling

    • Material that closely resembles the test specimen is referred to as a "matrix."
    • Sodium fluoride is utilized in specimen collection to prevent glycolysis.
    • The recommended oxalate concentration for anticoagulation is 1-2 mg/mL in blood.
    • Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium ions.

    Protein Chemistry

    • Serum is cleaned at the venipuncture site using antiseptic solutions.
    • Bilirubin specimens must be protected from light to prevent degradation.
    • Hemolyzed serum is not suitable for total protein measurement due to interference.
    • Proteins can be classified as dipolar or zwitterionic due to their positive and negative charges.
    • The isoelectric point is the pH at which a protein carries no net charge.
    • Proteins become denatured under extreme conditions including heat and agitation.

    Techniques in Protein Analysis

    • The hemoglobin measurement for blood donors commonly utilizes the electrophoresis technique.
    • The sedimentation class for macroglobulins is highly specific in protein diagnostics.
    • The biuret reaction is used to assess protein concentration.

    Enzyme Function and Measurement

    • Enzymes may require metal ions as cofactors for catalytic activity.
    • Alkaline phosphatase levels can indicate liver function anomalies.
    • The Michaelis-Menten constant reflects the efficiency of enzyme-substrate interactions.

    Urine and Blood Analysis

    • Turbidity in serum indicates the presence of abnormal constituents.
    • Urinary creatinine levels help assess kidney function.
    • Creatinine clearance estimates glomerular filtration rates.
    • Urea clearance tests evaluate kidney excretory function.

    Glucose Testing

    • Blood glucose levels can indicate metabolic conditions and should be monitored for accuracy.
    • The glucose tolerance test assesses the body's response to glucose load.
    • Hexokinase and glucose oxidase methodologies are common methods for glucose determination.

    Bilirubin and Metabolism

    • Increased indirect-reacting bilirubin suggests potential hemolysis or liver dysfunction.
    • The conversion of bilirubin occurs in the intestines during digestion.
    • Urine color changes may indicate metabolic disorders, such as "port wine" urine due to porphyrins.

    Analyzing Clinical Samples

    • Urinary protein is measured using various colorimetric methods.
    • Creatinine is quantified based on its reaction with specific color reagents.
    • Preservation methods vary; some substances are unstable under freezing conditions.

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