APCVS Week 3 - Blood Components & Types
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Questions and Answers

What are the formed elements of blood?

The cells

What is the function of hemoglobin?

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body.

What is the average volume of blood circulating in the body of an adult?

Approximately 5 liters

Where does the formation of blood cells take place primarily?

<p>In bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature red blood cells contain nuclei.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phagocyte?

<p>A cell that engulfs debris, bacteria, and other foreign materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for the number of RBCs in 1 cubic mm of blood?

<p>4.0 - 6.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for the number of leukocytes in 1 cubic mm of blood?

<p>5,000 to 11,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common disorders associated with the cardiovascular system?

<p>Anemia, hemophilia, clotting disorders, and leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anemia?

<p>A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of anemia discussed in the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of anemia?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B12 is essential for hemoglobin production.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hemolytic anemia?

<p>Premature destruction of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aplastic anemia is one of the deadliest and rarest forms of anemia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common symptoms of anemia?

<p>Fatigue, dizziness, paleness, shortness of breath, and weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The treatment for anemia is always the same, regardless of the type or cause.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemophilia?

<p>A bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in certain clotting factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia is more common in males than in females.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leukemia can be either acute or chronic.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of leukemia based on the type of leukocyte affected?

<p>Acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common treatments for leukemia?

<p>Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some diseases associated with blood clots?

<p>Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebrovascular accident (stroke), transient ischemic attack (mini-stroke), pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that forms in the lungs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged inactivity can increase the risk of DVT.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some clinical manifestations of DVT?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A TIA (transient ischemic attack) is a mini-stroke.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some signs of a stroke?

<p>Sudden weakness or numbness, vision loss, headache, dizziness, and loss of speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main blood typing systems discussed?

<p>ABO and Rh (Rhesus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood transfusions are always safe, regardless of the blood types involved.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Rh factor is a blood antigen that can trigger an immune response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rh incompatibility can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis, a condition that can affect a developing fetus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for blood pressure that is measured when the heart is contracting?

<p>Systolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for blood pressure that is measured when the heart is resting between beats?

<p>Diastolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

A blood pressure reading of 120/80 mm Hg is considered normal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some risk factors for high blood pressure (hypertension)?

<p>Obesity, inactivity, high salt intake, stress, alcohol consumption, low potassium and calcium intake, smoking, genetics, and existing hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a red blood cell?

<p>Erythrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelets?

<p>Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of white blood cell that kills bacteria and contains clear granules?

<p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of eosinophils?

<p>To respond to parasitic infections, allergic reactions, and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of white blood cell that contains dark purple granules and releases histamine and heparin?

<p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

<p>T cells and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the largest type of white blood cell?

<p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for iron-deficiency anemia?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

<p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of anemia caused by a genetic defect?

<p>Genetic Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of anemia caused by damage to the bone marrow?

<p>Aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood is a type of ______

<p>connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasma is the ______ part of blood

<p>liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formed elements of blood are the ______ of the blood

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of erythrocytes is to carry ______

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of leukocytes is to ______

<p>fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course: APCVS
  • Week: 3
  • Chapter: 24

Objectives

  • List and describe components of blood
  • Discuss blood types (ABO/Rh)
  • List and discuss types of anemia
  • Discuss disorders associated with the cardiovascular system (e.g., anemia, hemophilia, clotting disorders, leukemia)
  • Blood pressure demonstration and discussion
  • Textbook readings: pages 608-614, 619-622

Blood

  • Connective tissue composed of:
    • Blood cells
    • Formed elements of blood
    • Plasma
    • Serum = plasma without clotting factors
  • Blood volume:
    • Average adult: approximately 5 liters
    • Circulates in the body
    • Formation (hematopoiesis) takes place primarily in bone marrow

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) - Erythrocytes

  • Produced in red bone marrow
  • Mature RBCs don't contain nuclei, but contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from lungs to body cells.
  • Lab tests: RBC count
    • Average: 4.0 - 6.5 million per cubic mm of blood
    • Used to determine anemia

RBC Formation

  • Two million RBCs are produced every second

Composition of Blood

  • Plasma: watery part of blood
  • Formed elements: cells
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Leukocytes (white blood cells):
      • Granulocytes (contain granules):
        • Neutrophils: kill bacteria
        • Eosinophils: parasitic infections
        • Basophils: inflammation
      • Non-granulocytes (don't contain granules):
        • Lymphocytes:
          • T cells: in Thymus gland
          • B cells: become plasma cells producing antibodies
        • Monocytes: clean up debris/bacteria/dead cells
  • Platelets (thrombocytes): help stop bleeding, clot formation

WBCs in the Blood

  • White blood cells (leukocytes) fight infection
  • Lab tests: WBC count
    • 5,000 to 11,000 per cubic mm of blood
    • Used to detect infection

Common Disorders - Anemia

  • Abnormally low number of red blood cells
  • Many causes
    • Decreased production of healthy red cells by bone marrow
    • Increased erythrocyte destruction (hemolysis)
    • Blood loss (heavy menstrual periods or internal bleeding)
    • Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
    • Abnormal hemoglobin or insufficient hemoglobin in RBCs
  • Affects 3.5 million Americans

Common Disorders - Anemia (Specific Types)

  • Iron-deficiency anemia: decreased iron levels decreasing hemoglobin production decreasing RBC oxygen transport
  • Vitamin deficiency anemia: vitamin B12 is essential for hemoglobin production; pernicious anemia is b12 deficiency
  • Hemolytic anemia: premature destruction of RBCs by antibodies
  • Sickle cell anemia: caused by sickling (malforming) red blood cells leading to serious, life-threatening, inherited anemia and causes physical pain
  • Aplastic anemia: unexplained failure of bone marrow to produce certain types of blood cells, bone marrow replaced with fat cells

Symptoms of Anemia

  • Central: fatigue, dizziness, fainting
  • Blood vessels: low blood pressure
  • Heart: palpitations, rapid heart rate, chest pain, angina, heart attack
  • Spleen: enlargement
  • Skin: paleness, yellowing
  • Eyes: yellowing
  • Respiratory: shortness of breath
  • Muscular: weakness
  • Intestinal: changed stool color

Symptoms - Various Anemia (Specific Types)

  • Sickle cell anemia: pain in abdomen, joints, bones, infections, and heart failure
  • Aplastic anemia: bleeding in mucous membranes, infections, paleness, and dyspnea

Treatment - Anemia

  • Treatment depends on type and cause of anemia
  • Deficiencies: injections of vitamin B12, oral dietary supplements
  • General care: blood transfusions, analgesics, antibiotics

Leukemia

  • Cancer found in blood and bone marrow
  • Caused by too many white blood cells
  • WBCs don't allow body to fight disease and make red blood cells and platelets
  • Malignant cancer of bone marrow and blood
  • Uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells (WBCs)
  • Classified into acute or chronic leukemias
    • Lymphocytic leukemia: strikes lymphoid cells
    • Myeloid or myelogenous leukemia: strikes myeloid cells
  • Symptoms include excessive bruising, fatigue, weakness, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), bleeding in mucous membranes, bone and joint pain, abdominal pain and bleeding, weight loss, enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and frequent infections
  • Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation

Coagulation and Clots

  • Diseases associated with blood clots:
    • MI (Myocardial Infarction): heart attack
    • CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident): stroke
    • TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack): pre-stroke
    • PE (Pulmonary Embolism): clot in lungs
    • DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis): clot in legs/calves

Stroke and Mini-Stroke

  • Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs, or mini-strokes): temporary blockage of cerebral artery decreases blood flow to brain
  • Stroke: complete blockage of cerebral artery, leading to brain cell death and permanent loss of certain functions

Signs of Stroke

  • Sudden weakness (especially on one side of the body)
  • Vision loss (especially in one eye)
  • Unexplained dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination
  • Loss of speech, trouble talking, or understanding language

Thrombophlebitis

  • Blood clot causes inflammation in one or more veins, typically in lower extremities; deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Increases risk of serious health problems (e.g., PE)
  • Caused by prolonged inactivity
  • Decreases blood flow through veins; symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, dull ache or pain in affected area, and a red, hard, tender cord present under skin surface,

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

  • Blood clot in a deep vein of the leg or pelvis potentially blocking the flow of blood
  • A portion can break off and travel to heart, then lung to cause PE

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

  • Blood clot (from DVT) that travels to a lung, blocking vessel and disrupting blood supply to lung

Blood Types

  • ABO blood typing system
  • Rh (Rhesus) blood typing system, identifying the presence or absence of Rh antigens on RBCs, critical in blood transfusions to avoid transfusion reactions

ABO Blood Types (Antigen and Antibody)

  • Type A: antigen A; antibody B
  • Type B: antigen B; antibody A
  • Type AB: antigens A and B; no antibodies
  • Type O: no antigens; both antibodies A and B

Rh Factor

  • Identifying the presence or absence of Rh antigens on RBCs

Transfusion Incompatibility

  • Agglutination (clumping) of donor RBCs by recipient antibodies; leads to hemolysis (rupturing) of RBCs
  • Resulting complications include jaundice, cardiac shock, and renal shutdown

Rh Incompatibility and Erythroblastosis Fetalis

  • Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus during pregnancy, potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Blood Pressure

  • Measuring blood pressure, important vital sign for overall health
  • Sphygmomanometer used to measure blood pressure
  • Readings include systolic (top number) and diastolic (bottom number) values;
    • Normal: systolic lower than 120 mm Hg and diastolic lower than 80 mm Hg.
    • Prehypertension: systolic between 120 and 139 mm Hg or diastolic between 80 and 89 mm Hg
    • Hypertension/high blood pressure: readings above these values.

Hypertension (HTN) Risk Factors

  • Genetic factors
  • Obesity
  • Inactivity
  • Salt intake
  • Stress
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Low K (potassium) and Ca (calcium)
  • Smoking

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APCVS Week 3 2024 Blood Types PDF

Description

This quiz covers Chapter 24 of the APCVS curriculum, focusing on the components of blood, including blood types and types of anemia. It also addresses disorders related to the cardiovascular system and provides insights into blood pressure. Prepare to explore the intricacies of blood and its functions in the body.

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