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Questions and Answers
What is the fluid portion of blood called?
What is the fluid portion of blood called?
Plasma
Which of these is NOT a formed element of blood?
Which of these is NOT a formed element of blood?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
What is the process of blood cell formation called?
What is the process of blood cell formation called?
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Mature red blood cells have a nucleus.
Mature red blood cells have a nucleus.
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Approximately how many liters of blood does an average adult have?
Approximately how many liters of blood does an average adult have?
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Which type of white blood cell is known for its role in fighting parasitic infections?
Which type of white blood cell is known for its role in fighting parasitic infections?
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Which of these is a non-granulocyte white blood cell?
Which of these is a non-granulocyte white blood cell?
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Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.
Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.
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What is the name of the gland where T cells mature?
What is the name of the gland where T cells mature?
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Which type of white blood cell plays a role in cleaning up debris and bacteria?
Which type of white blood cell plays a role in cleaning up debris and bacteria?
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Anemia is characterized by an abnormally high number of red blood cells.
Anemia is characterized by an abnormally high number of red blood cells.
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Which type of anemia results from insufficient iron levels in the body?
Which type of anemia results from insufficient iron levels in the body?
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What type of anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12?
What type of anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12?
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Which type of anemia is caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells by antibodies?
Which type of anemia is caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells by antibodies?
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Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder.
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What causes aplastic anemia?
What causes aplastic anemia?
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Which of these is NOT a symptom of anemia?
Which of these is NOT a symptom of anemia?
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Which type of anemia is often characterized by pain in the abdomen, joints, and bones?
Which type of anemia is often characterized by pain in the abdomen, joints, and bones?
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Blood transfusions are a common treatment for aplastic anemia.
Blood transfusions are a common treatment for aplastic anemia.
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What is a DVT?
What is a DVT?
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What can happen if a DVT breaks off and travels to the lungs?
What can happen if a DVT breaks off and travels to the lungs?
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Prolonged inactivity is a risk factor for DVT.
Prolonged inactivity is a risk factor for DVT.
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What is the abbreviation for a heart attack?
What is the abbreviation for a heart attack?
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Which of these is a sign of a stroke?
Which of these is a sign of a stroke?
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What does TIA stand for?
What does TIA stand for?
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What is the medical name for a blood clot that causes inflammation in a vein?
What is the medical name for a blood clot that causes inflammation in a vein?
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Thrombophlebitis is often caused by prolonged inactivity.
Thrombophlebitis is often caused by prolonged inactivity.
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What is the medical term for the blood typing system that includes A, B, AB, and O?
What is the medical term for the blood typing system that includes A, B, AB, and O?
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Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
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Individuals with AB+ blood type can only receive blood from donors with AB+ blood type.
Individuals with AB+ blood type can only receive blood from donors with AB+ blood type.
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What is the name of the condition that can occur when a Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus?
What is the name of the condition that can occur when a Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus?
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What does the diastolic blood pressure reading represent?
What does the diastolic blood pressure reading represent?
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A blood pressure reading of 140/90 mmHg is considered to be within the normal range.
A blood pressure reading of 140/90 mmHg is considered to be within the normal range.
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Which of these is NOT a risk factor for hypertension?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor for hypertension?
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Regular exercise can help to lower blood pressure.
Regular exercise can help to lower blood pressure.
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What is the name of the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
What is the name of the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: APCVS
- Week: 3 (Chapter 24)
Objectives
- List and describe components of the blood
- Discuss blood types (ABO/Rh)
- List and discuss types of anemia
- Identify common disorders associated with the cardiovascular system (e.g., anemia, hemophilia, clotting disorders, leukemia)
- Blood pressure demonstration & discussion
- Focus textbook readings on pages 608-614, 619-622
Blood
- Type of connective tissue composed of blood cells and formed elements
- Plasma: Fluid portion of blood
- Serum: Plasma without clotting factors
- Blood volume: Approximately 5 liters in average adult
- Hematopoiesis: Formation of blood cells primarily in bone marrow
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) - Erythrocytes
- Formed in red bone marrow
- Mature RBCs lack nuclei but contain hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin function: Carries oxygen from lungs to body cells
- Lab tests: RBC count (average 4.0-6.5 million per cubic mm) is used to detect anemia
RBC Formation
- Two million RBCs are produced every second
Blood Composition
- Plasma: Liquid part of blood
- Formed elements: Cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
- Erythrocytes: Red blood cells, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Leukocytes: White blood cells, fight infection
- Granulocytes (containing granules):
- Neutrophils: Kill bacteria, clear granules
- Eosinophils: Parasitic infections, red-orange granules
- Basophils: Inflammation, dark purple granules
- Non-granulocytes (lack granules):
- Lymphocytes:
- T cells: In Thymus, T-killer, T-helper, T-memory
- B cells: Become plasma cells, produce antibodies
- Monocytes: Clean up debris, bacteria, dead cells
- Lymphocytes:
- Granulocytes (containing granules):
- Platelets (thrombocytes): Help stop bleeding, clot formation
WBC Formation
- White blood cells (leukocytes) fight infection
- Lab tests: WBC count (5,000-11,000 per cubic mm) detects infection
Common Disorders - Anemia
- Abnormally low number of red blood cells
- Causes: Decreased production by bone marrow, increased destruction (hemolysis), blood loss, dietary deficiencies
- Types:
- Iron deficiency: Low iron causing decreased hemoglobin production. Reduced oxygen transport.
- Vitamin deficiency (pernicious anemia): Vitamin B12 deficiency impacts hemoglobin production. Larger-than-normal red blood cells
- Hemolytic: Premature destruction of red blood cells by antibodies.
- Genetic: Sickle cell disease (inherited). Crescent shaped red blood cells leading to blockages/crises.
- Aplastic: Bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells.
Common Disorders – Sickle Cell Anemia
- Caused by sickling (malformation) of red blood cells.
- Serious, life-threatening, inherited condition.
- Physical pain is a symptom
Aplastic Anemia
- One of deadliest and rarest anemia forms.
- Failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells.
- Bone marrow replaced with fat cells
Anemia Types (summary/listing)
- None provided in material.
Symptoms of Anemia
- Central: Fatigue, dizziness, fainting
- Blood vessels: Low blood pressure
- Heart: Palpitations, rapid heart rate, chest pain, angina, heart attack
- Spleen: Enlargement
- Skin: Pale, yellowing
- Eyes: Yellowing
- Respiratory: Shortness of breath
- Muscular: Weakness
- Intestinal: Changed stool color
Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia
- Pain in abdomen, joints, bones
- Infections
- Heart failure
Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia
- All general symptoms of anemia. Blood loss internally and externally; bleeding in mucous membranes. Infection is likely.
Treatment - Anemia
- Treatment depends on type and cause
- Deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12 injections, oral dietary supplements)
- Hemolytic or Aplastic anemia: Elimination of specific medications.
- Blood transfusion
- Analgesics; antibiotics; general care.
Hemophilia
- Inheritance pattern via family tree (pedigree)
- X-linked recessive disorder, affecting primarily males.
Leukemia
- Cancer in blood and bone marrow
- Characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells
- Classification: Acute or chronic, lymphoid or myeloid
- Symptoms: Excessive bruising, fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, bleeding in mucous membranes, bone and joint pain, abdominal pain with bleeding, weight loss, enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, frequent infections.
- Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplantation.
Coagulation and Clots
- Diseases associated with blood clots
- MI: Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- CVA: Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
- TIA: Transient ischemic attack (pre-stroke)
- PE: Pulmonary embolism (clot in lung)
- DVT: Deep vein thrombosis (clot in leg/calf).
- Symptoms of these diseases vary widely.
Stroke and Mini-Stroke
- Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs): Temporary blockage of cerebral artery, decreasing blood flow to brain.
- Stroke: Complete blockage of cerebral artery, leading to brain cell death, causing permanent loss of functions.
Signs of Stroke
- Sudden weakness in face, arm, or leg
- Sudden vision loss, especially in one eye.
- Unexplained dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination difficulties
- Loss of speech or trouble understanding language
Thrombophlebitis
- Blood clots cause inflammation in veins, typically lower extremities.
- Risk factors include prolonged inactivity, increasing risk of serious health problems like pulmonary embolism (PE).
- Symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, dull ache/pain in affected area, red/hard/tender cord-like structure under the skin.
DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) & PE (Pulmonary Embolism)
- DVT: Blood clot (thrombus) forms in deep vein (often leg or pelvis), blocking blood flow
- PE: Clot breaks off (embolism) and floats through circulation to the lungs. Blockage of lung vessels, interrupting blood supply.
Blood Types
- ABO blood typing system
- Rh (Rhesus) blood typing system
- Compatibility: Testing donors and recipients to identify suitable blood transfusions, preventing dangerous reactions.
Transfusion Incompatibility
- Blood types that are incompatible can lead to severe complications such as clumping of red blood cells and potentially hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells).
- Symptoms include jaundice, cardiac shock, and renal shutdown.
Rh Incompatibility (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
- Rh-negative mother carrying Rh-positive fetus.
- Antibodies production can cause difficulties in subsequent pregnancies, potentially destroying fetal red blood cells, causing jaundice and damage to red blood cells.
Blood Pressure
- Measurement using a sphygmomanometer
- Systolic: Pressure when heart beats
- Diastolic: Pressure when heart rests between beats
- Normal blood pressure range and classifications.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Risk Factors
- Obesity, salt intake, inactivity, stress, alcohol consumption, genetics, smoking, low potassium/magnesium levels are all contributory factors to hypertension.
Additional Information
- Learning objectives for additional content (e.g., Define/describe different blood cells)
- Blank table for students to fill in regarding blood type antigens and antibodies
- List of different types of anemia for review
- List of abbreviations and their meanings
- Charts/tables regarding blood pressure categories and readings.
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Description
This quiz covers Chapter 24 of the APCVS course, focusing on the components of blood, different blood types, and types of anemia. It also discusses common cardiovascular disorders and includes a blood pressure demonstration. Review the specified textbook readings for a comprehensive understanding.
