APA Standards on Multiple Relationships
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of obtaining informed consent in research?

  • To minimize the duration of the research
  • To provide participants with monetary compensation
  • To increase the number of participants in the study
  • To ensure that participants are appropriately informed about the study (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a required element when obtaining informed consent?

  • The participant's right to receive financial compensation (correct)
  • Description of foreseeable risks
  • Limits of confidentiality
  • Details about the control group's experience

Under what condition can psychologists dispense with informed consent?

  • If institutional approval has not been granted
  • If participants have previously consented to similar research
  • If the research involves minimal risk to participants (correct)
  • If the study requires deception to achieve its aims

Which factor must psychologists inform participants about when obtaining informed consent?

<p>The potential benefits of participating in the research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must psychologists clarify to participants at the outset of intervention research?

<p>The experimental nature of the treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should psychologists do prior to testing regarding confidentiality?

<p>Discuss limitations on confidentiality with test takers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in informed consent according to APA guidelines?

<p>The reasons for testing and its potential consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is informed consent not usually required before testing?

<p>When testing is mandated by law or regulations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must psychologists explain to test takers after testing?

<p>How scores will be used and their meaning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should psychologists do if a client wants to waive confidentiality?

<p>Discuss the implications of releasing information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to protect test materials according to APA guidelines?

<p>To maintain the integrity and validity of tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should psychologists do when requesting test data according to guidelines?

<p>Make reasonable attempts to maintain integrity and security (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required prior to terminating therapy according to the APA Ethics Code?

<p>Psychologists must provide a pre-termination plan and suggest alternative service providers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'de facto abandonment' refer to?

<p>When a therapist is not reasonably available, leading to abrupt termination of care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intentional abandonment?

<p>Psychologists are aware that further treatment is required but still terminate care. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a planned termination discussion, which topic is important to address?

<p>Reviewing the initial treatment goals and progress made. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to a malpractice suit in the context of abandonment?

<p>The psychologist failing to recognize the need for further treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of termination should be included in a termination plan?

<p>How to practice skills on their own after therapy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should psychologists do if a client's needs are not being met before termination?

<p>Discuss the unmet needs and provide referrals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the term 'unintentional abandonment', which scenario applies?

<p>The therapist mistakenly thinks no further treatment is required when it is. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of facilitating a conversation about termination with a client?

<p>It helps in the emotional processing of therapy ending. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures should psychologists take when disposing of data and information in telepsychology services?

<p>Dispose of data in a way that protects client's confidentiality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment considerations are particularly important for psychologists providing telepsychology services?

<p>Discussing limitations of assessment procedures with the client beforehand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of PSYPACT?

<p>To allow licensed psychologists to practice telepsychology across state lines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must psychologists do to practice telepsychology in other PSYPACT states?

<p>Apply for an Interjurisdictional Practice Certificate (IPC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many continuing education credits related to telehealth must psychologists obtain each time they renew their PSYPACT practice?

<p>3 CE credits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle relates to social justice that psychologists should be familiar with?

<p>Principle D of the APA code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should psychologists take precautions against in their practices?

<p>Potential biases in their judgment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must psychologists do before providing assessment procedures suitable for telepsychology?

<p>Make appropriate accommodations for diverse clients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one requirement of practicing under PSYPACT?

<p>You should designate your home state for practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for psychologists providing telepsychology?

<p>Relying solely on in-person therapy methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criteria for involuntary commitment under Pennsylvania law?

<p>The person must pose a clear and present danger to themselves or others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a required condition for the immediate treatment of a person under involuntary examination?

<p>Having a history of substance abuse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a safety plan intended to achieve?

<p>To ensure safety based on the individual's needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration a person can be held under 302 commitment for emergency treatment?

<p>120 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following people or services are included as supportive contacts?

<p>Family members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual must be considered severely mentally disabled in which situation to qualify for involuntary examination?

<p>If they cannot fulfill basic care needs without assistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in a safety plan for maximum effectiveness?

<p>Multiple coping strategies and contacts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which commitment under PA law allows further extension of treatment beyond 120 hours?

<p>303 commitment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of creating a safety plan?

<p>It should be developed collaboratively with the individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a person needs immediate treatment according to the involuntary commitment guidelines?

<p>Substantial self-mutilation and risk of further harm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Assessing a relationship (3 dimensions)

Evaluating a relationship considering different aspects, potentially including expectations, compatibility, and other factors.

Role incompatibility

When the roles (responsibilities, expectations, etc.) of people in a relationship are inconsistent or conflicting.

Consultation (colleague)

Seeking advice and perspectives from a colleague to gain objectivity and better understand a situation.

Informed consent (testing)

Providing a client with information about the testing process, including its purpose, use, potential consequences, and released information.

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Test Data Disclosure

The process of sharing test results and data, following ethical guidelines, and considering the client's best interest.

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Client's best interest (testing)

Prioritizing the client's well-being and avoiding potential harm related to test information disclosure.

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Test Validity & Security

Ensuring tests maintain accuracy/reliability and preventing misuse/copying, preserving confidentiality to prevent harm to clients and society.

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Ethical Termination

Ending therapy when client or others pose a threat, or when appropriate referrals are provided.

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Pre-termination counselling

Discussing ending therapy and suggesting alternatives before actual termination.

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Termination Plan

A strategy for a client to practice learned therapy skills independently post-termination.

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Abandonment

Ending therapy without referral when the client needs more treatment.

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Intentional Abandonment

Therapist knows more treatment is needed but stops therapy or doesn't provide referral.

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Unintentional Abandonment

Therapist didn't know but should have known more treatment was needed.

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De Facto Abandonment

Ending therapy unexpectedly or failing to maintain accessibility for client needs.

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Referral Process

Helping clients connect to suitable alternative treatment providers.

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Reviewing Initial Goals

Revisiting the initial treatment goals to measure progress and identify any changes.

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Reasons for Living

Things that give someone a reason to continue living, like family, friends, hobbies, or goals.

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Distracting Activities

Activities that help take someone's mind off of negative thoughts or urges, like exercise, listening to music, or spending time with loved ones.

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Supportive Contacts

People who can offer emotional support and encouragement, like family members, close friends, or therapists.

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Involuntary Commitment

A legal process where a person is placed in a mental health facility against their will if they pose a danger to themselves or others.

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Severely Mentally Disabled

A person's mental condition is so severe that they can't care for their basic needs or are a danger to themselves or others.

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Clear and Present Danger

A person's actions or behavior pose an immediate threat to themselves or others.

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302 Commitment

A type of involuntary commitment in Pennsylvania that allows a person to be held for up to 120 hours for emergency mental health treatment.

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303 Commitment

A type of involuntary commitment in Pennsylvania that allows a person to be held for up to 20 days for continued mental health treatment.

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Petitioner

The person who initiates the legal process for involuntary commitment by submitting a written request describing the person's need for treatment.

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Approved Facility

A designated location approved by the state to provide mental health evaluations and treatment for involuntarily committed individuals.

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Data Disposal in Telepsychology

Psychologists must securely dispose of client data and related technology, ensuring confidentiality and appropriate disposal methods.

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Telepsychology Assessments

Psychologists should consider the limitations and unique considerations of administering assessments remotely, tailoring approaches for diverse clients and discussing limitations upfront.

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Jurisdictional Boundaries in Telepsychology

Psychologists providing telepsychology services across borders must comply with laws and regulations of both their own jurisdiction and the client's location.

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What is PSYPACT?

An interstate compact that allows licensed psychologists to practice telepsychology and in-person services across participating state lines.

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PSYPACT Requirements

To practice under PSYPACT, psychologists need to apply for an E-Passport for telepsychology or IPC for in-person services and complete telehealth-specific continuing education credits.

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APA Principle D: Social Justice

This principle emphasizes psychologists' responsibility to ensure all individuals have equal access to and benefit from psychological services, regardless of background or circumstances.

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Psychologist's Responsibility for Social Justice

Psychologists must be aware of their own biases and limitations, avoid perpetuating unjust practices, and ensure their actions promote equity in access to psychological services.

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Telepsychology and Cultural Considerations

Psychologists must be aware of cultural differences and potential language barriers when providing telepsychology services to diverse populations.

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Ethical Considerations in Telepsychology

Psychologists must prioritize ethical practices in telepsychology, including informed consent, confidentiality, and appropriate technology use.

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Telepsychology and Client Safety

Psychologists must utilize secure technology and take steps to ensure client confidentiality and safety during online sessions.

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Informed Consent in Research

Researchers must inform participants about the research, their rights, potential risks and benefits, and how their data will be protected.

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

An independent committee that reviews research proposals to ensure they are ethically sound and protect participants' welfare.

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Informed Consent: When NOT to obtain

Psychologists can dispense with obtaining informed consent in specific situations, such as when research poses minimal risk and involves anonymous data collection.

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Experimental Treatment in Research

Participants in intervention research should be aware of the experimental nature of the treatment, the control group(s), and available alternatives if they choose not to participate or withdraw.

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Informed Consent: Research Benefits

When obtaining informed consent, researchers must disclose any potential benefits that participants may receive from participating in the research.

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Study Notes

APA and PA Standards

  • Know the APA and PA standards regarding multiple relationships, assessment, therapy, confidentiality limitations, advertising, record keeping, fees, education, training, supervision, and research and publication.
  • Know the key points from the course readings.
  • Understand the major findings from the studies (those in lectures are prioritized).

Multiple Relationships

  • Definition: A multiple relationship exists when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person and is also in another role with the same person; involved with a person closely associated with the person in the professional relationship; or promises a future relationship with the person.
  • Unethical multiple relationships: A multiple relationship is unethical when it is likely to impair objectivity, competence, or effectiveness, or places the client at risk for exploitation or harm.
  • Cases: Multiple relationships made up 50% of cases opened by the APA Ethics Committee in 2015. 23% of disciplinary actions by the PA State Board between 1997-2003 involved multiple relationships.

Therapist-Client Sexual Relationships

  • Prevalence: 4.4% of therapists report having a sexual relationship with a client. Perpetrators are almost always male, and victims are overwhelmingly female.
  • Repeat Offenders: Therapists who engage in sexual relationships with clients are likely to repeat the behavior.
  • Client Harm: 32% of patients involved in sexual relationships with therapists had experienced incest, child sex abuse, or rape before the initiation of therapy. 80% of involved clients harmed after termination, with 14% having attempted suicide and 12% filing formal complaints.
  • Client-Therapist attraction: 87% of psychologists report feeling sexually attracted to their clients.

Boundary Crossings & Boundary Violations

  • Boundary: Behaviors that are on the edge of what is considered acceptable professional practice.
  • Boundary Crossing: A deviation from usual clinical behavior that is either benign or helpful to the therapy or relationship.
  • Boundary Violation: A transgression that is clearly harmful and/or exploitative to the client.

Gottlieb's Multiple Relationships Decision-Making Model

  • Model uses 3 dimensions to analyze relationships: low, mid-range, high power; brief, intermediate, long duration; and specific, uncertain, indefinite termination.
  • Use the model to evaluate both current and contemplated relationships, considering role incompatibility, feelings, behaviors, etc.

Disclosure of Test Data

  • Psychologists need to discuss test limitations and possible disclosures of test data and results with the client before testing. This is sometimes implied based on regulations or other contextual considerations. Informed consent should include discussion about the nature of testing and what the client can expect.

APA Guidelines for Psychological Assessment and Evaluation (2020)

  • Psychologists must maintain competence in testing, assessment, and evaluation; have appropriate training and supervision; and be mindful of potential negative impacts on multiple parties (e.g. clients, patients, the public).
  • Understand that psychological assessment and evaluation should use appropriate measures for the particular context.
  • Be aware of factors that may influence testing, such as the type of setting, purpose, and population.

Ethical Termination of Therapy

  • Guidelines exist for ethical termination of therapy. Therapist must determine if the client longer needs the service and whether they would benefit, or be harmed, from continued intervention.
  • Ensure that a clear, documented plan for transfer of care is in place.
  • Terminate when threatened by the client, or involved in a relationship that risks harm to another party.

Confidentiality

  • Be aware of laws and regulations related to confidentiality including those relating to telepsychology.
  • Maintain records for a specific period of time as mandated by various jurisdictions.

Test Data and Test Materials

  • Test data: Raw and scaled scores, client responses, and psychologist notes from testing.
  • Test materials: Test questions, stimuli, protocols, and manuals, excluding test data. Test materials are more heavily protected than test data.

Telepsychology

  • Psychologists conducting services through telecommunication technologies should ensure their competence with technologies utilized and their implications for patients/clients, other professionals etc.
  • Ensure patient confidentiality with appropriate protocols.

Child Abuse Reporting

  • Knowledge of specific definitions and categories of child abuse (e.g., bodily injury, serious neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, etc.) in the state of Practice is important.
  • Understand who is a mandated reporter, and the reporting requirements.

Suicide

  • Know risk factors for suicide, and the criteria for involuntary commitment.
  • Understand how to identify and assess risk.
  • Know how to conduct suicide risk evaluations/assessments, and use related tools.
  • Be familiar with procedures for involuntary commitments.

Teaching, Supervision, and Research

  • Psychologists need to design education and training programs responsibly, consider fairness, and address competency of students and supervisees, ensure accuracy in descriptions of these programs, and consider accuracy in teaching materials, ethical use of deception with safeguards in research, appropriate publication credit and avoidance of plagiarism.

Business Issues

  • Ethical standards related to advertising and business practices in psychology, including various media and methods to connect with others.

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Description

This quiz covers the APA and PA standards related to multiple relationships in psychology. It explores definitions, ethical implications, and key findings from relevant studies and readings. Understanding these concepts is vital for maintaining professionalism and ethical practices in psychology.

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